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预防接种是控制与消灭相应传染病的重要措施之一。正确评价其效果是卫生防疫工作者一项重要而经常的任务。在现代医学中,预防接种安全性与效果的最后评价只能在人群现场试验中证实。因为应用疫苗时的环境能大大影响疫苗的效果,且随时间与地点而异。因此,一种疫苗必须在不同地点和时间进行反复试验。一项预防接种现场试验,要求科学鉴定方法。事先要制定好组织与实施计划,做好实验设计(诸如对照、随机化、足够样本、考核指标、随访等)。实验组(接种组)与对照组(未接种组)在实验的全过程还必须遵循“齐同对比”——均衡性的原则。同时,
Vaccination is one of the important measures to control and eliminate the corresponding infectious diseases. Correct evaluation of its effectiveness is an important and regular task for health and epidemic prevention workers. In modern medicine, the final evaluation of vaccination safety and efficacy can only be confirmed in field trials of vaccines. Because the environment when the vaccine is applied can have a dramatic effect on the vaccine, and can vary over time and place. Therefore, a vaccine must be repeatedly tested in different locations and times. A vaccination site trial requires a scientific appraisal method. Prior to develop a good organization and implementation plan, good experimental design (such as control, randomization, enough samples, assessment indicators, follow-up, etc.). Experimental group (vaccinated group) and control group (unvaccinated group) in the whole process of the experiment must also follow the “homogeneous contrast” - the principle of balance. Simultaneously,