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二十世纪初,清政府的新政是在丧权辱国的《辛丑条约》的谈判过程中拉开帷幕的。而经历了洋务救国失败的开明官僚,深切地认识到要救亡图存必须实行新政,进而使近代司法政治制度得以形成,也促进了经济自由思想的发展,对儒学的冲击则促进了新式教育的发展。一、司法体系和近代政治制度的形成清政府原来实行的是专制体制。清末新政中的司法改革措施则是这一转型的起点。古代中国司法权的运作呈现出非理性特征:第一,没有把坐堂问案的司法与主动管理社会的行政区别开来;第二,儒家礼教和上级的个别指令等法外标准优于法律标准;第三,片面强调个案判决的结果正义,
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Qing government’s new policy came to an end during the negotiation of the “Xin Chou Treaty”, which is a process of humiliation and shame. Having experienced the failed liberal enlightened bureaucrats of the Westernization Movement, I deeply realized that we must implement the New Deal in order to save the nation and save the nation, so that the modern judicial and political system can be formed and the development of the economic freedom thoughts promoted. The impact on Confucianism has promoted the development of new-style education. First, the judicial system and the formation of modern political system The Qing government was the original implementation of the authoritarian system. Judicial reform measures in the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty are the starting point for this transformation. The operation of judicial power in ancient China showed irrational features: first, it did not distinguish judicial administration from administrative management from social administration; secondly, extralegal standards such as Confucianism and higher orders were superior to legal standards ; Third, one-sided emphasis on the outcome of the case judgments,