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一、生态系统英国生态学家泰斯利在1935年提出了“生态系统”概念,但未做更加深入的研究。直到1942年动物学家林德曼对炭泥湖的生产量、生物群落的营养关系、食物链能量流过程进行了研究,发表了“食物链”和“金字塔营养级”研究报告后,才为生态系统奠定了科学基础。从此,人们从系统学的角度对生态环境进行研究。生态系统是一个开放的系统,是由生产者、消费者、分解者和非生物环境组成的一个物质循环和能量流动的系统,并且各组成元素相互影响、互相作用,不断进行物质和能量的交换,生态系统已处在一种动态变化过程中。随着人类活动的日趋广泛,纯自然的生态系统已越来越少,相反物化的人工生态系统不断增多。在这种自然日趋人工化的过程中,地球上
I. Ecosystem The British ecologist Teshiley proposed the concept of “ecosystem” in 1935, but did not make further research. Until 1942, Zoologist Lindeman studied the production of carbonaceous lakes, the nutritional relations of biomes, and the energy flow in the food chain. After publishing the research report on “Food Chain” and “Pyramid Trophism” Only for the ecological system has laid a scientific foundation. Since then, people from the perspective of the system of ecological research. Ecosystem is an open system, which is a system of material circulation and energy flow composed of producer, consumer, decomposer and non-biological environment. Each component interacts and interacts with each other, and constantly exchanges material and energy , The ecosystem has been in a dynamic process of change. With the widening of human activities, purely natural ecosystems have become fewer and fewer, while the artificially increased artificial ecosystems have been on the increase. In this natural and increasingly artificial process, on earth