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随着在文明时代获得最充分发展的奴隶制的出现,就发生了社会分成剥削阶级和被剥削阶级的第一次大分裂。这种分裂继续存在于整个文明期。奴隶制是古希腊罗马时代世界固有的第一个剥削形式;继之而来的是中世纪的农奴制和近代的雇佣劳动制。这就是文明时代的三大时期所特有的三大奴役形式;公开的而近来是隐蔽的奴隶制始终伴随着文明时代。——恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,《马克思恩格斯文集》第四卷,人民出版社2009年版,第195页。
With the advent of the most fully developed slavery in the civilized era, the first major division of society into the exploiting and exploiting classes took place. This division persists throughout civilization. Slavery was the first form of exploitation inherent in the world of ancient Greece and Rome, and was followed by medieval serfdom and the modern wage-labor system. This is the three forms of slavery typical of the three major civilizations era. The overt and recently hidden slavery is always accompanied by the age of civilization. - Engels: The Origins of Family, Private Ownership and State, Volume IV of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels, People’s Press, 2009, p. 195.