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Precision medicine based on the accurate and comprehensive molecular characterization of tumors has become the most promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. In current clinical practice, patients with cancer normally receive the same treatment as other patients with the same type of cancer. However, people with different molecular backgrounds may respond quite differently to the same treatment. The promise of precision medicine is that treatments may be specifically designed for individual patients when the molecular information of the tumor is available, ensuring that patients receive the treatment to which they would be most likely to respond.