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地球表面三分陆地七分海洋,因此借助水上运输交流人员和货物是不可避免的。同陆上运输和空中运输相比,水上运输具有投资省、运量大和成本低的优点。但是在地球的高纬度地区,冬季水面结冰,影响水上运输,这就造就了对破冰船的需求。破冰船用于破碎水面冰层,开辟航道,保障舰船进出冰封港口、锚地,或引导舰船在冰区航行。世界上第一艘现代意义上的蒸汽动力钢制破冰船“派洛特”号(图1),1864年出现在俄国。是用一艘蒸汽动力螺旋桨拖船改装而成。1864～1890年间,在芬兰湾的喀琅施塔得和奥兰宁鲍姆两个港口之间,使用了该破冰船,使这条航线的夏季通航季节延长了几个星期。1870～1871年间的寒冷冬季,使各国认识到了“派洛特”的意义。那一年易北河和汉堡港被冻住,不能通航,造成重大经济损失。在这
Earth’s surface is divided into seven oceans on the ocean surface, so the exchange of personnel and cargo by water is inevitable. Compared with land transport and air transport, water transport has the advantages of investment saving, large capacity and low cost. However, in the high latitudes of the earth, the freezing of winter surface water affects the water transport, which creates the demand for icebreakers. Icebreaker is used to break the ice surface water, open channels to protect the ships entering and exiting the frozen port, anchorage, or to guide the ship sailing in the ice. The world’s first modern steam-powered steel icebreakers “Plotter” (Figure 1), appeared in Russia in 1864. It is converted from a steam powered propeller tugboat. The icebreaker was used between 1864 and 1890 between the two ports of Kronstadt and Orlandingbaum in the Gulf of Finland, extending the summer season of the route by several weeks. The cold winters between 1870 and 1871 made all countries realize the meaning of “Parrot.” That year, the Elbe and Hamburg ports were frozen and could not be navigated, resulting in significant economic losses. At this