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改革开放以来,我国的政教关系发生了显著的变化,并表现出巨大的地方差异。以本质主义和整体主义为特征的冲突论和共识论已无法解释中国政教关系的复杂性。本文引入“关系”的概念,以笔者过去六年实地调查的材料为基础,分析了形塑中国政教关系的三种机制——政治嵌入、政治连接和政治交换——的特征和运作机理。多孔的、碎片化的、目标模糊、管理多头的宗教管理体制为这三种机制的运作创造了条件。笔者发现,这三种机制不仅缓和了政教的冲突,还为教会获得活动空间、完成合法化创造了条件,亦为政府吸纳教会、调整宗教政策建立了基础。相比于意识形态和政策,关系能够更好地解释中国政教关系的差异。
Since the reform and opening up, there have been notable changes in the relations between state and religion in our country, showing great regional differences. The conflict theory and the consensus theory characterized by essentialism and holism have failed to explain the complexity of the relationship between state and religion in China. This paper introduces the concept of “relationship ” and analyzes the characteristics and operating mechanism of the three mechanisms shaping political and religious relations in China - political embedding, political connections and political exchange - based on the author’s fieldwork in the past six years. . Porous, fragmented, vaguely-targeted and buoyant religious management systems have created the conditions for the operation of these three mechanisms. The author found that these three mechanisms not only eased the conflict between church and state, but also created the conditions for the church to gain room for activities and complete legalization. It also laid the foundation for the government to absorb the church and adjust religious policies. Compared with ideology and policy, the relationship can better explain the differences between the church and state in China.