Concentric hollow structural section (HSS) bracing members are used frequently in steel framed structural systems to resist seismic excitations. Finite element
The main drawback of conventional braced frames is implicitly accepting structural damage under the design earthquake load, which leads to considerable economic
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) is a key parameter in reinforced concrete design.It represents the stressstrain relationship in the elastic range and is used in the