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During the earlier time when Republic of China was founded,there were various social contradictions and conflicts.In response to the situation,the villagers in West Anhui spontaneously organized broadsword groups and integrated rural societies,whose purposes were to guard and help mutually,protect homes from the bandits.Therefore,the homeland safeguarding awareness was very strong.By investigating its history,the emergence of the private self-defense groups was the broadsword groups in Southwest Shandong,who participated in the Boxer Uprising.After being suppressed,the groups traveled from Shandong through Henan to Anhui.Thus,in the era of chaos caused by warlord dogfights and under the circumstances which the official authorities couldn’t control all rural power,self-organized broadsword groups which came from outside and absorbed the elites could spread in families,villages and root in West Anhui by means of gray channels.Finally,they became strong civil self-defense organizations to integrate the rural society in West Anhui.The civil self-defense organization’s emergence,reproduction and distortion in West Anhui could reflect the characters of nation-state power downward.It should be said that since late Qing Dynasty,to deal with the plight of modernization and seek control of social resources,the state power continuously practiced to break the situation of “state power inward” called by Prasenjit Duara,so there was a continuously downward extension process.To achieve the goal of such political integration of state power downward,there generally had two different strategies to choose,just as Lloyd Eastman said:(1)from the positive side,the central government might construct some institutions,which let various social forces participate in politics in an normal track and then reach political consensus;(2) from the negative side,through bureaucratic channels,the central government could expand the administrative organizations and reinforce the ability to control the society based on the old structure.Unfortunately,China unconsciously chose the latter path.In practice,the state regimes were constantly downward and reinforced,then weakened the regime and decentralized the government power.Long term of warlord dogfights led to the decline of the power of central government and state power was actually controlled and differentiated by the soldiery.In order to consolidate political power and expand the sphere of influence,these warlords exploited the country severely,which completely tore up the tranquilities in the country.Zhang Ming described this evolution as “the regime downward under the sabers.” When this power was downward and led to the poverty of farmers and rural bankruptcy,even there had some defensive gray organizations,such as broadsword groups,the constant pressure would put on the survival of these civil self-defense organizations.
During the earlier time when when the country of China was founded, there were various social contradictions and conflicts. In response to the situation, the villagers in west Anhui sponstaneously organized broadsword groups and integrated rural societies, whose purposes were to guard and help mutually, protect homes from the bandits.Therefore, the homeland safeguarding awareness was very strong.By investigating its history, the emergence of the private self-defense groups was the broadsword groups in Southwest Shandong, who participated in the Boxer Uprising .After being suppressed, the groups traveled from Shandong through Henan to Anhui.Thus, in the era of chaos caused by warlord dogfights and under the circumstances which the official authorities could not control all rural power, self-organized broadsword groups which came from outside and absorbed the elites could spread in families, villages and root in West Anhui by means of gray channels. Finally, they became strong civil self-defense organizations to integrate the rural society in West Anhui.The civil self-defense organization’s emergence, reproduction and distortion in West Anhui could reflect the characters of nation-state power downward.It should be said that since late Qing Dynasty, to deal with the plight of modernization and seek control of social resources, the state power continuously practiced to break the situation of “state power inward ” called by Prasenjit Duara, so there was a continuous downward extension process. To achieve the goal of such political integration of state power downward , there generally had two different strategies to choose, just as Lloyd Eastman said: (1) from the positive side, the central government might construct some institutions, which let various forwarders participate in politics in an normal track and then reach political consensus; (2) from the negative side, through bureaucratic channels, the central government could expand the administrative organizations and reinforce the ability to controlthe society based on the old structure .Unfortunately, China unconsciously chose the latter path.In practice, the state regimes wereitious downward and reinforced, then weakened the regime and decentralized the government power .Long term of warlord dogfights led to the decline of the power of central government and state power was actually controlled and differentiated by the soldiery.In order to consolidate political power and expand the sphere of influence, these warlords exploited the country severely, which completely tore up the tranquilities in the country. Zhanghang described this this evolution as “the regime downward under the sabers. ” When this power was downward and led to the poverty of farmers and rural bankruptcy, even there had some defensive gray organizations, such as broadsword groups, the constant pressure would put on the survival of these civil self-defense organizations.