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劳动力市场政策是福利国家重要的政策领域和关键的政策工具。随着福利国家的改革,劳动力市场政策出现积极转向。通过分析发现,福利国家积极劳动力市场政策的发展趋势是:“重返劳动力市场便利”类政策越发重要,“防止人力资本耗散”类政策逐渐失去重要性,而“人力资本投资”类政策则居中。本文从积极劳动力市场政策类型化这一新的视角,进一步分析福利国家积极劳动力市场政策的多样性。通过确立“人力资本投资”、“防止人力资本耗散”和“重返劳动力市场便利”三个政策类型构成福利国家体制划分的自变量,运用层次聚类和k均值聚类的分析方法,将经济合作与发展组织(OECD)21国划分为3个群进行研究,并选择代表性国家分析发现:“边际型”国家在积极劳动力市场中扮演边际性角色,以澳大利亚为代表,积极劳动力市场政策支出水平低,拥有成熟的准市场机制;“人力资本投资型”国家尤其注重培训的作用,以芬兰为代表,广泛的跨部门合作且将职业教育和职业培训结合是其重点;“重返劳动力市场便利型”国家则努力实现就业激励,并同时提供高质量的公共就业服务,以德国为代表,在权利与义务并重的前提下构建了完善的工作搜寻制度和“有序竞争”机制。
Labor market policies are important policy areas and key policy instruments for welfare states. With the reform of the welfare state, the labor market policy has taken a positive turn. Through the analysis, it is found that the development trend of active labor market policies in welfare countries is that the policy of “re-entering the labor market convenience” becomes more and more important and the policy of “preventing the dissipation of human capital” gradually loses its importance, while “human capital Investment ”class policy is centered. This article analyzes the diversity of the active labor market policies in the welfare state from the new perspective of the active labor market policy type. Through the establishment of “human capital investment”, “preventing the dissipation of human capital” and “re-entering the labor market convenience,” the three policy types constitute the independent variables of the welfare state system. By using hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering Type of analysis, the 21 countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are divided into three groups to study and select the representative country analysis found that: “Marginal ” countries play a marginal role in the active labor market to Australia, with low level of active labor market policy spending and mature market mechanisms; “Human capital investment-oriented” countries pay particular attention to the role of training, represented by Finland, extensive cross-sectoral cooperation and integrating vocational education and occupations The combination of training and training is the key point; “Re-entering the labor market conveniences” countries are striving to create employment incentives and at the same time provide high-quality public employment services. With Germany as their representative, they have built sound Job search system and “orderly competition ” mechanism.