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灵芝属传统分类方法都以灵芝的外部形态及担孢子的特征为主,根据形态解剖学差异而建立的,至今仍在分类研究中占据着主导地位。但是形态学特征是细胞的基因型与外界环境因素综合作用的结果,环境因素的差异常导致分类结果与系统进化的不一致性,因此寻找不受环境条件影响的客观分类指标,开发利用新的、稳定的分子标记已经成为传统分类研究的重要的补充内容。目前,人们正在从蛋白质和核酸水平来研究灵芝的分子系统学,尤其是在核酸水平已经取得了显著的效果。通过对核糖体RNA基因核苷酸序列分析研究结果表明,它不仅具有辨别科或属的专一功能,而且有助于种间的区别。另外,Mn-SOD基因核苷酸序列可同时作为不同分类层次的分类指标,即灵芝属与非灵芝属间、灵芝属内异种间与灵芝属同种但不同品系分类的指标。本文从灵芝属传统学分类的现状及其存在的问题、灵芝属现代生物技术分类方法及其灵芝属分子系统学研究的重要性及前景3个方面做了概述。
The traditional classification methods of Ganoderma lucidum are based on the external morphology of Ganoderma lucidum and the characteristics of basidiospores, which are established according to the differences of morphological anatomy and still occupy the leading position in taxonomic studies. However, morphological characteristics are the result of the combined effect of cell genotypes and external environment factors. The differences of environmental factors often lead to the inconsistency between the classification results and phylogenetic evolution. Therefore, it is necessary to find objective classification indicators that are not affected by environmental conditions and to develop and utilize new, Stable molecular markers have become an important complement to traditional taxonomic studies. At present, people are studying molecular systematics of Ganoderma at protein and nucleic acid levels, especially at the nucleic acid level. The result of nucleotide sequence analysis of ribosomal RNA gene showed that it not only has the special function of distinguishing families or genus, but also helps the difference between species. In addition, Mn-SOD gene nucleotide sequence can also be used as a classification index at different levels, that is, Ganoderma lucidum and non-Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum genus within different species but different species classification index. This article summarizes the current status of Ganoderma lucidum genus and its existing problems, the classification of Ganoderma genus and its importance and prospects in modern biotechnology classification.