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目的:了解中国血吸虫病流行地区卫生厕所施工管理状况,以及其对卫生厕所建造质量的影响。方法:在湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个流行县,每县选取2个完成改厕的流行村,1个未完成改厕的村,进行村级调查。在已经完成改厕的村,每村随机抽取30个农户家庭进行现场调查。结果:家庭卫生厕所为村里组织或上级委派的施工队建造的占90.3%,参与卫生厕所建造的施工单位(个人)有90.0%经过了相关的专业技术培训,有67.5%具有建造资质,上级单位委派施工队建造的三联式沼气池式卫生厕所占74.0%,村委会组织施工队建造的三格化粪池式卫生厕所占89.8%,34.4%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造设计和49.3%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所第一、二、三格容积比例符合《血吸虫病流行地区农村改厕技术规范(试行)》三格化粪池厕所的设计与施工要求。结论:中国血吸虫病流行农村地区,由上级政府委派施工队和村委会组织施工队建造是家庭卫生厕所建造施工的主要方式,三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分的合格率偏低,第一、二、三格容积比例不当是影响三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造质量的主要因素,应该加强施工队伍的培训和施工的监督管理。
Objectives: To understand the status of sanitary toilet construction and management in the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China and its impact on the quality of sanitary latrines. Methods: Two popular counties were randomly selected in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Two counties were selected for popularization of lavatories and one village for lavatories, Conduct village-level surveys. In villages that have completed lavatories, 30 village households were randomly selected from each village to carry out on-site investigations. Results: 90.3% of family sanitation latrines were constructed for the construction team appointed by village organizations or superiors, and 90.0% of the construction units (individuals) involved in the construction of sanitary latrines were trained in related expertise and 67.5% were qualified for construction. The superior units Construction of three-team biogas-sanitation toilets accounted for 74.0% of the construction teams, 89.8% of the three-septic tank-type sanitary toilets constructed by the construction team of the village committee, and 34.4% of the three-septic septic tank toilets The proportions of the first, second and third compartments of the design and 49.3% three-septic septic sanitation toilets are in accordance with the design and construction requirements for the three-compartment septic tank toilets in the Technical Specifications for Rural Toilet-lavatories (Trial) in the endemic areas of schistosomiasis. Conclusion: In the rural areas where the prevalence of schistosomiasis is in China, the construction team appointed by the superior government to construct the construction team and the village committee is the main way of constructing the sanitary lavatory. The qualified rate of the underground part of the three-compartment septic tank is low, The improper proportion of the first, second and third grids is the main factor that affects the quality of the construction of the underground part of Sange Septic Sanitary Lavatory. Training and construction supervision and management of the construction team should be strengthened.