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在中国社会的历史进程中,自19世纪上半叶至20世纪中叶,无疑是变化最为剧烈的时期。在这一百多年的时间里,新旧社会转型,不再是一个王朝取代另一个王朝,而是“三千年未有之大变局”。历史不再是单纯地纵向前进,而是纵横交错,东西方关系交织在一起。这对于整个社会的政治、思想和文化,不可避免地产生深刻的影响。中国在19世纪末最大的危机就是沦为半殖民地的危险。面对危机,城市社会中,一方面期待通过民族革命驱逐列强,一方面又冀望在列强的帮助下实现实业救国。农村社会在工业文明侵蚀下,希望仍以
In the historical process of Chinese society, from the first half of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, it is undoubtedly the most dramatic period of change. During this period of more than 100 years, the social transformation of old and new is no longer the replacement of another dynasty by one dynasty, but the “great change in three thousand years”. History is no longer a mere vertical move, but a crisscross pattern of intertwined East-West relations. This inevitably has a profound impact on the politics, ideology and culture of the entire society. The greatest crisis in China at the end of the 19th century was the danger of becoming a semi-colonial one. Faced with the crisis, urban society, on the one hand, expects to expel the powers through the national revolution and, on the other, hopes to save the country with the help of the powers. Rural society, under the erosion of industrial civilization, hopes remain