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α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein, α-Syn）是一种高度丰富的突触前神经元蛋白。α-Syn的错误折叠和聚集与神经退行性疾病相关的认知损伤和术后神经认知功能障碍的发生有密切关系。文章就α-Syn寡聚体引发神经毒性的作用和在神经认知功能障碍的研究进展进行综述，较为系统地阐述其在认知功能障碍中的有害作用，为相关的疾病治疗干预开辟新的视角。“,”α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a highly abundant pre-synaptic neuronal protein. Misfolding and aggregation of α-Syn may play a leading role in many mechanisms and processes linked to neurodegenerative diseases related to cognition dysfunction and postoperative neurocognitive disorders. This review focused on the neurotoxic effects of α-Syn oligomers and research progress on cognition dysfunction. Such mechanisms not only deepen our knowledge regarding the etiology of cognition dysfunction but also open new perspective for therapeutic intervention.