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虚拟语气在英语中是教学的重点和难点，也是高考中的考点。怎样判断虚拟语气，关键是要抓住试题中的标志。
一、 虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。虚拟语气一般分为真实条件虚拟语气与非真实条件虚拟语气。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow， they will come to our school. 如果明天不下雨，他们就来我们学校。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
试比较：
If it were to rain tomorrow， we would have a letcure in the hall. 要是明天下雨的话，我们就在大厅进行一个讲座。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下：
注：主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：
If I were you， I would go to help the old man. 如果我是你的话，我就会去帮助那个老人。
2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：
If I had taken my father's advice，I wouldn't （couldn't） have suffered so much.
如果我按照我父亲的建议的话，我就不可能遭受那么多的痛苦。
3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：
If it were Sunday tomorrow， we should （would，could，might） go to the park. 如果明天是星期天，我就 （可能）去公园。
4. 有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如：
If he had taken my advice， he would be much better now.如果他采纳了我的建议，他现在就会好多了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
5. 虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式
（1） 省略连词if。
在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如：
Were I to be young again， I would study medicine.（从句正常语序为：If I were to be young again）
要是我再年轻一次的话，我会学医学的。
（2） 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：
Without your help， we couldn't have finished the job in time.（Without your help=If you hadn't helped us） 没有你的帮助，我们就不能及时完成工作。
But for your help （If it hadn't been for your help） I couldn't have done it.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. （If I hadn't been busy that day， I would have gone there with them.）
我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。（如果我那天不忙的话，我就……）；
I would have finished the work， but I have been ill. （If I hadn't been ill， I would have finished the work.） 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。（如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……）
6. 省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
（1） 省去条件从句。如： You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了“If you had wanted to”）（事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）
（2） 省去主句（常用以表示愿望）。如：
If my grandmother were with me！ 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊！（事实是：祖母已不在世。）；If only she had not left！ 如果她没走就好了！（事实是：她已经走了。）
二、 虚拟语气的其他用法
1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：
在“It is important （strange，natural，necessary）that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should do”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如：
It is strange that he should have won the first prize. 奇怪他竟然已经赢得了一等奖。 It is important that every member （should） inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
（1） 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
A. 表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。如：
I wish I knew the chairman's number. 我希望知道主席的电话号码。（可惜不知道）；
B. 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had done”。如：
I wish （wished） I hadn't spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。（实际上已经花掉）；
C. 表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would十动词原形”。如：
I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
（2） 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。
如：I demand that he （should） answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
（1） 在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如：
Even if he had been ill， he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
（2） 由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或 “had十过去分词”。如：
The teacher treated the boy as if he were her own son. 老师对待那个男孩好像是自己孩子似的。
The young man talked about the TV play as if he had really seen it. 那个年轻人谈论那部电视剧，就好像他确实看过一样。
注：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在“It is time （that）…”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“该干某事的时候了”。如：
It's （high） time we began to work. 我们该做工作。
I think it's time （that） you made up/should make up your mind. 我认为是你下决心的时候了。
5. 虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
（1） 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
（2） 在一些习惯表达中。如：
I would rather not go to the cinema. 我宁愿不去电影院。
（3） 用“may do”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：
May you be happy！祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
巩固练习
1. —If he________， he________ that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned； would not
B. had been warned； would not have taken
C. would be warned； had not taken
D. would have been warned； had not taken
2. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she________， she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come
C. came D. had came
3.________ I be free tomorrow， I could go with you.
A. Could B. Should
C. Might D. Would
4.________ earlier， you would have met him.
A. If you come B. If you did come
C. Had you come D. Did you come
5. Had you listened to the doctor， you________ all right now. A. are B. were
C. would be D. would have been
6. He________ test， but he wasn't careful enough.
A. could have passed
B. were able to pass
C. must have passed
D. might be able to pass
7. The order came that the medical supplies________ to the village without delay.
A. would be sent B. should send
C. be sent D. must be sent
8. He was very busy yesterday， otherwise he________ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came
C. would have come D. had come
9. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King________ right away.
A. would be arrested
B. must be arrested
C. be arrested
D. had to be arrested
10. Jane's uncle insisted________ in this hotel any longer.
A. not staying B. not to stay
C. that he not stay D. staying not
11. Don't touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up， he________ you.
A. would come to
B. would come at
C. would have come toward
D. will come to
12. Without electricity human life________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be
C. would have been D. would be
13. How I wish I________ to repair the watch！ I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn't tried
C. have tried D. didn't try
14. If I________ more time， I would have gone with him.
A. had B. had had
C. have had D. would have
15. It's high time that we________ to school.
A. would to B. went
C. go D. will go
16. I'd rather you________ right away.
A. leave B. left
C. will leave D. to leave
17. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball otherwise he________ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
18. The two strangers talked as if they________ friends for years.
A. were B. would be
C. have been D. had been
19. We________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost
B. should lose
C. might lose
D. could have lost
20.________ ， I would take an umbrella with me.
A. Had I been you
B. I were you
C. Were I you
D. I had been you
参考答案
5—1 BDBCC 01—6 ACCCC
11—15 BDBBB 16—20 DDAC
（作者：崔恒标，江苏东台市安丰中学）
一、 虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。虚拟语气一般分为真实条件虚拟语气与非真实条件虚拟语气。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow， they will come to our school. 如果明天不下雨，他们就来我们学校。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
试比较：
If it were to rain tomorrow， we would have a letcure in the hall. 要是明天下雨的话，我们就在大厅进行一个讲座。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下：
注：主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：
If I were you， I would go to help the old man. 如果我是你的话，我就会去帮助那个老人。
2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：
If I had taken my father's advice，I wouldn't （couldn't） have suffered so much.
如果我按照我父亲的建议的话，我就不可能遭受那么多的痛苦。
3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：
If it were Sunday tomorrow， we should （would，could，might） go to the park. 如果明天是星期天，我就 （可能）去公园。
4. 有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如：
If he had taken my advice， he would be much better now.如果他采纳了我的建议，他现在就会好多了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
5. 虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式
（1） 省略连词if。
在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如：
Were I to be young again， I would study medicine.（从句正常语序为：If I were to be young again）
要是我再年轻一次的话，我会学医学的。
（2） 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：
Without your help， we couldn't have finished the job in time.（Without your help=If you hadn't helped us） 没有你的帮助，我们就不能及时完成工作。
But for your help （If it hadn't been for your help） I couldn't have done it.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. （If I hadn't been busy that day， I would have gone there with them.）
我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。（如果我那天不忙的话，我就……）；
I would have finished the work， but I have been ill. （If I hadn't been ill， I would have finished the work.） 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。（如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……）
6. 省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
（1） 省去条件从句。如： You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了“If you had wanted to”）（事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）
（2） 省去主句（常用以表示愿望）。如：
If my grandmother were with me！ 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊！（事实是：祖母已不在世。）；If only she had not left！ 如果她没走就好了！（事实是：她已经走了。）
二、 虚拟语气的其他用法
1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：
在“It is important （strange，natural，necessary）that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should do”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如：
It is strange that he should have won the first prize. 奇怪他竟然已经赢得了一等奖。 It is important that every member （should） inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
（1） 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
A. 表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。如：
I wish I knew the chairman's number. 我希望知道主席的电话号码。（可惜不知道）；
B. 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had done”。如：
I wish （wished） I hadn't spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。（实际上已经花掉）；
C. 表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would十动词原形”。如：
I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
（2） 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。
如：I demand that he （should） answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
（1） 在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如：
Even if he had been ill， he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
（2） 由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或 “had十过去分词”。如：
The teacher treated the boy as if he were her own son. 老师对待那个男孩好像是自己孩子似的。
The young man talked about the TV play as if he had really seen it. 那个年轻人谈论那部电视剧，就好像他确实看过一样。
注：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在“It is time （that）…”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“该干某事的时候了”。如：
It's （high） time we began to work. 我们该做工作。
I think it's time （that） you made up/should make up your mind. 我认为是你下决心的时候了。
5. 虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
（1） 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
（2） 在一些习惯表达中。如：
I would rather not go to the cinema. 我宁愿不去电影院。
（3） 用“may do”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：
May you be happy！祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
巩固练习
1. —If he________， he________ that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned； would not
B. had been warned； would not have taken
C. would be warned； had not taken
D. would have been warned； had not taken
2. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she________， she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come
C. came D. had came
3.________ I be free tomorrow， I could go with you.
A. Could B. Should
C. Might D. Would
4.________ earlier， you would have met him.
A. If you come B. If you did come
C. Had you come D. Did you come
5. Had you listened to the doctor， you________ all right now. A. are B. were
C. would be D. would have been
6. He________ test， but he wasn't careful enough.
A. could have passed
B. were able to pass
C. must have passed
D. might be able to pass
7. The order came that the medical supplies________ to the village without delay.
A. would be sent B. should send
C. be sent D. must be sent
8. He was very busy yesterday， otherwise he________ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came
C. would have come D. had come
9. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King________ right away.
A. would be arrested
B. must be arrested
C. be arrested
D. had to be arrested
10. Jane's uncle insisted________ in this hotel any longer.
A. not staying B. not to stay
C. that he not stay D. staying not
11. Don't touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up， he________ you.
A. would come to
B. would come at
C. would have come toward
D. will come to
12. Without electricity human life________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be
C. would have been D. would be
13. How I wish I________ to repair the watch！ I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn't tried
C. have tried D. didn't try
14. If I________ more time， I would have gone with him.
A. had B. had had
C. have had D. would have
15. It's high time that we________ to school.
A. would to B. went
C. go D. will go
16. I'd rather you________ right away.
A. leave B. left
C. will leave D. to leave
17. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball otherwise he________ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
18. The two strangers talked as if they________ friends for years.
A. were B. would be
C. have been D. had been
19. We________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost
B. should lose
C. might lose
D. could have lost
20.________ ， I would take an umbrella with me.
A. Had I been you
B. I were you
C. Were I you
D. I had been you
参考答案
5—1 BDBCC 01—6 ACCCC
11—15 BDBBB 16—20 DDAC
（作者：崔恒标，江苏东台市安丰中学）