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骨关节炎是主要累及关节软骨的慢性疾病，软骨损伤后不能再生。间充质干细胞是软骨修复的候选材料，其向软骨分化过程中受到细胞内外多种因素的影响，其中转化生长因子Smad蛋白通路是向软骨细胞分化的主要通路。但该通路在诱导间充质干细胞软骨分化方面具有两面性，既可以向正常软骨分化，起到修复作用；也可以向肥大软骨分化，加速软骨退变。“,”Osteoarthritis is a disease mainly involved in articular cartilage ,which cannot regenerate after damage.Mesenchymal stem cells are candidate materials for cartilage repair .It is affected by many kinds of factors in the process of the differentiation into cartilage .Transforming growth factor β-Smad pathway is the main pathway,which can induce mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into cartilage cell .But this way has two sides,which can repair damage by producing normal cartilage and accelerate degeneration by producing hypertrophic cartilage.