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Ⅰ.简述劳丹极力主张,科学哲学要保持某种规范的特征,他的自然主义就是以此为基础发展起来的。“为科学理论得到承认提供一种认识上的保证”,他写道,“无疑是一个重要的哲学问题”。自然化并不会防碍规范性这一命题,是劳丹观点的基础:“……方法论的自然化并非必然会破坏其规范化。恰恰相反,可以证明,完全‘科学的’和具有极强‘描述力’的方法论将会导致规范的结果。”劳丹是在《科学与价值》这本书中引入其规范自然主义的。他的确专心致志地对科学合理性的规范理论进行了阐述和辩护。这种规范理论是以劳丹所谓的科学合理性的“网状模型”为基础的。按照这种模型来看,科学的(不)一致有可能表现在三个层次上:事实的和理论的层次、方法论层次和价值观层次。劳丹把他的网状模型与“等级模型”做了比
I. Brief Description Laudan strongly advocated that in order to maintain certain normative features in philosophy of science, his naturalism was developed on this basis. “Provide an assurance of recognition for the recognition of scientific theory,” he wrote, “undoubtedly an important philosophical problem.” Naturalization does not hinder the proposition of normativeness, which is the basis of Laudan’s point of view: “... the naturalization of methodologies does not necessarily undermine its standardization. On the contrary, it can be demonstrated that a completely ’scientific’ and ’ Descriptive power ’methodologies will lead to canonical results. ”Laudan introduced his normative naturalism in the book Science and Value. He did devote himself to expounding and defending the normative theory of scientific rationality. This normative theory is based on Laudan’s “net-like model” of scientific rationality. According to this model, the scientific (no) agreement may be manifested in three levels: the level of fact and theory, the level of methodology and the level of values. Laudan has compared his mesh model with a “hierarchical model.”