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当我们谈话时，我们靠停顿和语调把我们的意思表达得更清楚，在写作时，我们就靠标点符号。因此我们用英语写作时也要用标点符号。然而许多学生在学习及应用英语的过程中，并不太注意标点符号。其实标点符号的作用很大，它往往对我们理解意义，解答题目有重要的启发和暗示作用。从2000年起，高考书面表达题采用新的评分标准，提出“拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑”，这一规定充分体现了教会学生正确使用英语标点符号的迫切性和重要性。下面结合历年高考题及一些模拟题来分析一下几种重要标点符号对解题的隐形作用。
一、 逗号
逗号是所有符号中对解题的影响最大的符号，尤其是主从句间以及简单句与从属成分间的逗号。它往往用于表示一个短暂的停顿或者用来连接一个句子中的平行成分。应注意如下几种逗号的使用规律：
1． 平行的句子成分及分句间应用逗号隔开。
分隔三个或三个以上并列的词、短语和句子，通常在最后一个成分前加连接词and或or, 前面的并列成分之间要用逗号隔开，而and或or前面的逗号则可有可无。例如：
He stood up, put on his coat(,) and went
out.
They reached home at last, cold, tired(,) and hungry.
We swear that we will obey the rules, that we must work hard(,) and that we should love our motherland.
例1： On Saturday afternoon, Mr. Green went to the market,_____ some bananas and visited his cousin. (1991全国)
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
解析： 此题由went及逗号后的and visited可知句中缺少的词应是一个并列的谓语动词，而不是一个非谓动词B项或C面；另外并列谓语的时态应一致，故D项错了。答案为A。解答此题关键是要注意，如果平行的主语、宾语、表语、谓语或状语只有两个，在多数情况下，它们之间都用“and”而不用逗号，如果在两个以上，通常在最后两个之间用“and”，而不用逗号。
例2： One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_____. (2000春季)
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
解析： 此题极易错选为A项，而正确答案为C。依据逗号及and可知and是并列两个简单句的， the other white.实际上是the other should be painted white的省略形式，因为逗号及and连接的并列分句中都有should be painted，为了使句子更加简洁，可将雷同部分省去；而B及D项中的another是指多者中的另一者，与板子只有两面相矛盾，故不能选B或D。
2． 在分隔简单句与附加成分(如分词短语、悬垂分词、不定式等)，非限制性定语从句与主句时要用逗号。
例3：_____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全国)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析： 此题易选成It及What，而正确答案为B。此题中前后两句话间用逗号且无并列连词连结表明，前后两句话间应为逻辑上的主从关系，后面部分已固定为主句，故只能是前面句子为从句，因为根据标点符号的使用规则，两个简单句间不能用逗号连结，除非之间有并列连词。
例4： The factory produce half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80%_____ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁)
A. of which B. which of
C. of them D. of that
解析： 两句话间无并列连词且用逗号连接时，此两句话间应是逻辑上的主从关系，即后一句只能是一个从句。答案为A。which可引导一个非限性定语从句；C项填入后不能与前一句形成主从关系，因为them不能引导从句；D项中of不能加that引导定语从句。
例5： “We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob,_____ out of the window. (2004全国)
A. looking B. to look
C. looked D. having looked
解析： 答案为A。said Bob与后面一部分间有逗号而无并列连词，则依据逗号使用原则可知，两者间应为逻辑上主从关系，即一个简单句用逗号连结一个从属于它的伴随状语looking。
例6： (1) It_____ Sunday, there were no students having classes in the school.
(2) It_____ Sunday, so there were no students having classes in the school.
A. was B. being C. were D. to be
解析： (1)选B；(2)选A。在例(1)中，It being Sunday是独立主格结构，相当于原因状语从句As it was Sunday。在例(2)中，so是并列连词，It was Sunday是一个并列的分句。
3． 在分隔同位语时要使用逗号。(但限制性同位语及同位语从句前不用逗号。)
例7： Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgetable moment, ______ I will always treasure. (2002全国)
A. that B. one C. it D. what
解析： 此题一改过去考查非限制性定语从句要用which来引导的惯例，而考查学生能否依据逗号及上下文语意来判断填空部分应是一个同位语。因为如果将逗号看作连结一个主句与一个非限性定语从句，则发现that不能引导非限制性定语从句，what根本就不能引导定语从句；it作为代词只能用于替代上文中出现的内容，不能用作同位语，故答案为B。
4． 将一些副词(如however, though, besides等)及其它插入语放入句中时要用逗号连结。
例8： When we went boating on the lake that morning, it turned out fine,_____, very calm, without any wind.
A. except B. including
C. but D. besides
解析：except及including只能作介词，其后务必要加介词的宾语，but可用作介词加宾语，用作连词时其后应加句子，只有besides可作副词并以插入语的形式存在于句中，此时前后要用逗号隔开。答案为D。
5． 不定式短语放在句末，充当目的状语或结果状语时，前面一般不加逗号。但当作目的状语的不定式短语提到主句前面时，要用逗号隔开。例如：
例9： The secretary worked late into the night,_____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. prepared D. was preparing
解析： 正确答案为B而不是A, 注意空格前的逗号。再如：
To sleep late, he turned off the alarm clock.
6． 分隔由and, so, but, yet, or, nor, when(= and at this time )等并列连接词连接的并列句。例如：
We must start earlier, or we’ll miss the first bus.
He can’t speak English, nor does he know French, but he can understand a little Russian.
二、 破折号
破折号往往用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面，也可用于一个解释性的插入语的前后，还可表示突然转折或者总括前面列举的若干东西。最近几年高考题中多次出现破折号，且破折号对解题有重要作用。
例10： I must be getting fat—I can_____ do my trousers up. (2004全国)
A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom
解析： 本题中破折号被用于解释说明原因，理解这一点对解题很有帮助。句中“do up”指“系上，扣上”，故全句意思是：我几乎系不上裤子了，(因此)我一定是在发胖。B项hardly“几乎不”刚好合乎题意。
例11：_____ down the radio—the baby’s asleep in the next room. (93全国)
A. Turning B. Turn
C. Turned D. To turn
解析： 题中破折号用于解释原因，故破折号前面的内容应是一个要求别人关掉收音机的祈使句，而A、C、D项都是非谓语动词，只有B项可作谓语，并构成一个祈使句。
例12： Mary,_____ here—everyone else, stay where you are.(2006全国Ⅰ)
A. come B. comes
C. to come D. coming
解析： 一个破折号使得一个很简单的句子变得很复杂。其实这是一个由破折号连接的两个非常简单的祈使句——让Mary执行come here这个动作；让everyone else执行stay where you are的动作。正确答案为A。
三、 分号
分号表示的停顿比句号短，比逗号长，它主要用来连结两个意思上有一定关联的句子或者连结两个对等的分句。它将两个独立的句子隔开，因此分号后边的句子开头不需要用连词，且句子开头单词的首字母也不用大写。例如：
【误】 He has worked in the factory for years; which was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years, which was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years. The factory was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years; the factory was built 30 years ago.
例13： They believe that the spirits stay with the body for 3 days;_____ someone always stays with the dead person.
A. during which time B. so during which
C. during this time D. so when
解析： 题中的分号表明前后两句话间应是并列的简单句的关系，而非主从句的关系，故A项不行，因为它只能引导定语从句；B、D中so为并列连词，要求前后为并列的简单句，而when及during which却只能引导从句，故也不行。答案为C。
四、 句号、问号及感叹号
句号、问号及感叹号主要用于句子末尾，表示较长的停顿。一个句子，不管是否有什么内容被省略掉了，末尾必须有这样一个符号，即在陈述句和祈使句后用句号，在疑问号中用问号，在感叹句后用感叹号。
例14：_____ at the door before entering, please. (2001春招)
A. Knocked B. To knock
C. Knocking D. Knock
解析： 依据句末的句号可知，please前面的内容只能为一陈述句或祈使句，而A、B、C项皆非谓语动词，不可能充当祈使句的主语，故答案只能为D。
例15： Why! I have nothing to confess.
_____you want me to say? (2004上海)
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
解析： 依据句末的问号可知后一句子是疑问句，而在疑问句中是要使用倒装语序的，依此可排除B、D两项，因为它们使用的是陈述句语序；依据say为及物动词应加宾语这一特征又可排除C，故答案为A。
例16： —Sorry, Joe. I didn’t mean to ...
—Don’t call me“Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you, and_____ you forget it! (2003全国)
A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t
解析： 本题中的感叹号对解答此题有极大的作用。感叹号表明and后句子应是一个祈使句而非是一个疑问句，因此A及C项可排除；“Don’t you forget it!”中使用感叹号能恰当地突出说话人“生气、不满”的态度，这刚好与“Don’t Call me‘Joe’”的语气是协调的。
例17： Tom, you_____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005全国I)
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. may not
解析： 本题考查情态动词的用法。从感叹号的语气来看，说话人是命令的口吻，mustn’t有“禁止，不准”的意思，语气非常强烈，故答案为B。
【即时巩固练习】
1. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,_____ ver 600 years old.
A. all of them B. all of which
C. all of it D. none of which
2. I have a bit of headache. It’s nothing much,_____．
A. though B. yet C. but D. although
3． I speak as clearly as possible,_____ to make what I say easy_____.
A. hope; to understand
B. hoped; understand
C. hoping; to understand
D. to hope; to be understood
4. The meeting was put off,_____ was exactly_____we wanted.
A. it; that B. as; that
C. which; what D. this; what
5._____ some of the juice—perhaps you’ll like it.
A. Trying B. Try
C. To try D. Have tried
6. I’ve never seen anyone run so fast—_____David go.
A. just watch B. just to watch
C. just watching D. just having watched
7． George Orwell,_____ was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name_____B. what his real name
C. his real name_____D. whose real name
8. In our school there are 2000 students;about two fifths of_____ are girls.
A. whom B. whoC. which D. them
9. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter_____I’m talking to.
A. who is it B. who it is
C. it is who D. it is whom
10. —Go and ask her_____ come.
—OK.
A. what time would she like to
B. at what time she’d like to
C. when would she like to
D. when she likes to
11. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see_____.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
12. —Look at the heavy rain!_____ it would stop!
—Yes, it’s been like this for a whole day.
A. Even if B. Only if
C. Ever since D. If only
13. Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter_____ go and do the opposite!
A. may B. canC. must D. should
14. —I just heard that the tickets for tonight’s show have been sold out.
—Oh, no!_____.
A. I was looking forward to that
B. It doesn’t matter
C. I knew it already
D. It’s not at all interesting
Keys：1. A2. A3. C4. C5. B6. A7. D8. D9. B10. B11. D12. D13. C14. A
一、 逗号
逗号是所有符号中对解题的影响最大的符号，尤其是主从句间以及简单句与从属成分间的逗号。它往往用于表示一个短暂的停顿或者用来连接一个句子中的平行成分。应注意如下几种逗号的使用规律：
1． 平行的句子成分及分句间应用逗号隔开。
分隔三个或三个以上并列的词、短语和句子，通常在最后一个成分前加连接词and或or, 前面的并列成分之间要用逗号隔开，而and或or前面的逗号则可有可无。例如：
He stood up, put on his coat(,) and went
out.
They reached home at last, cold, tired(,) and hungry.
We swear that we will obey the rules, that we must work hard(,) and that we should love our motherland.
例1： On Saturday afternoon, Mr. Green went to the market,_____ some bananas and visited his cousin. (1991全国)
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
解析： 此题由went及逗号后的and visited可知句中缺少的词应是一个并列的谓语动词，而不是一个非谓动词B项或C面；另外并列谓语的时态应一致，故D项错了。答案为A。解答此题关键是要注意，如果平行的主语、宾语、表语、谓语或状语只有两个，在多数情况下，它们之间都用“and”而不用逗号，如果在两个以上，通常在最后两个之间用“and”，而不用逗号。
例2： One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_____. (2000春季)
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
解析： 此题极易错选为A项，而正确答案为C。依据逗号及and可知and是并列两个简单句的， the other white.实际上是the other should be painted white的省略形式，因为逗号及and连接的并列分句中都有should be painted，为了使句子更加简洁，可将雷同部分省去；而B及D项中的another是指多者中的另一者，与板子只有两面相矛盾，故不能选B或D。
2． 在分隔简单句与附加成分(如分词短语、悬垂分词、不定式等)，非限制性定语从句与主句时要用逗号。
例3：_____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全国)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析： 此题易选成It及What，而正确答案为B。此题中前后两句话间用逗号且无并列连词连结表明，前后两句话间应为逻辑上的主从关系，后面部分已固定为主句，故只能是前面句子为从句，因为根据标点符号的使用规则，两个简单句间不能用逗号连结，除非之间有并列连词。
例4： The factory produce half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80%_____ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁)
A. of which B. which of
C. of them D. of that
解析： 两句话间无并列连词且用逗号连接时，此两句话间应是逻辑上的主从关系，即后一句只能是一个从句。答案为A。which可引导一个非限性定语从句；C项填入后不能与前一句形成主从关系，因为them不能引导从句；D项中of不能加that引导定语从句。
例5： “We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob,_____ out of the window. (2004全国)
A. looking B. to look
C. looked D. having looked
解析： 答案为A。said Bob与后面一部分间有逗号而无并列连词，则依据逗号使用原则可知，两者间应为逻辑上主从关系，即一个简单句用逗号连结一个从属于它的伴随状语looking。
例6： (1) It_____ Sunday, there were no students having classes in the school.
(2) It_____ Sunday, so there were no students having classes in the school.
A. was B. being C. were D. to be
解析： (1)选B；(2)选A。在例(1)中，It being Sunday是独立主格结构，相当于原因状语从句As it was Sunday。在例(2)中，so是并列连词，It was Sunday是一个并列的分句。
3． 在分隔同位语时要使用逗号。(但限制性同位语及同位语从句前不用逗号。)
例7： Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgetable moment, ______ I will always treasure. (2002全国)
A. that B. one C. it D. what
解析： 此题一改过去考查非限制性定语从句要用which来引导的惯例，而考查学生能否依据逗号及上下文语意来判断填空部分应是一个同位语。因为如果将逗号看作连结一个主句与一个非限性定语从句，则发现that不能引导非限制性定语从句，what根本就不能引导定语从句；it作为代词只能用于替代上文中出现的内容，不能用作同位语，故答案为B。
4． 将一些副词(如however, though, besides等)及其它插入语放入句中时要用逗号连结。
例8： When we went boating on the lake that morning, it turned out fine,_____, very calm, without any wind.
A. except B. including
C. but D. besides
解析：except及including只能作介词，其后务必要加介词的宾语，but可用作介词加宾语，用作连词时其后应加句子，只有besides可作副词并以插入语的形式存在于句中，此时前后要用逗号隔开。答案为D。
5． 不定式短语放在句末，充当目的状语或结果状语时，前面一般不加逗号。但当作目的状语的不定式短语提到主句前面时，要用逗号隔开。例如：
例9： The secretary worked late into the night,_____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. prepared D. was preparing
解析： 正确答案为B而不是A, 注意空格前的逗号。再如：
To sleep late, he turned off the alarm clock.
6． 分隔由and, so, but, yet, or, nor, when(= and at this time )等并列连接词连接的并列句。例如：
We must start earlier, or we’ll miss the first bus.
He can’t speak English, nor does he know French, but he can understand a little Russian.
二、 破折号
破折号往往用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面，也可用于一个解释性的插入语的前后，还可表示突然转折或者总括前面列举的若干东西。最近几年高考题中多次出现破折号，且破折号对解题有重要作用。
例10： I must be getting fat—I can_____ do my trousers up. (2004全国)
A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom
解析： 本题中破折号被用于解释说明原因，理解这一点对解题很有帮助。句中“do up”指“系上，扣上”，故全句意思是：我几乎系不上裤子了，(因此)我一定是在发胖。B项hardly“几乎不”刚好合乎题意。
例11：_____ down the radio—the baby’s asleep in the next room. (93全国)
A. Turning B. Turn
C. Turned D. To turn
解析： 题中破折号用于解释原因，故破折号前面的内容应是一个要求别人关掉收音机的祈使句，而A、C、D项都是非谓语动词，只有B项可作谓语，并构成一个祈使句。
例12： Mary,_____ here—everyone else, stay where you are.(2006全国Ⅰ)
A. come B. comes
C. to come D. coming
解析： 一个破折号使得一个很简单的句子变得很复杂。其实这是一个由破折号连接的两个非常简单的祈使句——让Mary执行come here这个动作；让everyone else执行stay where you are的动作。正确答案为A。
三、 分号
分号表示的停顿比句号短，比逗号长，它主要用来连结两个意思上有一定关联的句子或者连结两个对等的分句。它将两个独立的句子隔开，因此分号后边的句子开头不需要用连词，且句子开头单词的首字母也不用大写。例如：
【误】 He has worked in the factory for years; which was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years, which was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years. The factory was built 30 years ago.
【正】 He has worked in the factory for years; the factory was built 30 years ago.
例13： They believe that the spirits stay with the body for 3 days;_____ someone always stays with the dead person.
A. during which time B. so during which
C. during this time D. so when
解析： 题中的分号表明前后两句话间应是并列的简单句的关系，而非主从句的关系，故A项不行，因为它只能引导定语从句；B、D中so为并列连词，要求前后为并列的简单句，而when及during which却只能引导从句，故也不行。答案为C。
四、 句号、问号及感叹号
句号、问号及感叹号主要用于句子末尾，表示较长的停顿。一个句子，不管是否有什么内容被省略掉了，末尾必须有这样一个符号，即在陈述句和祈使句后用句号，在疑问号中用问号，在感叹句后用感叹号。
例14：_____ at the door before entering, please. (2001春招)
A. Knocked B. To knock
C. Knocking D. Knock
解析： 依据句末的句号可知，please前面的内容只能为一陈述句或祈使句，而A、B、C项皆非谓语动词，不可能充当祈使句的主语，故答案只能为D。
例15： Why! I have nothing to confess.
_____you want me to say? (2004上海)
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
解析： 依据句末的问号可知后一句子是疑问句，而在疑问句中是要使用倒装语序的，依此可排除B、D两项，因为它们使用的是陈述句语序；依据say为及物动词应加宾语这一特征又可排除C，故答案为A。
例16： —Sorry, Joe. I didn’t mean to ...
—Don’t call me“Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you, and_____ you forget it! (2003全国)
A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t
解析： 本题中的感叹号对解答此题有极大的作用。感叹号表明and后句子应是一个祈使句而非是一个疑问句，因此A及C项可排除；“Don’t you forget it!”中使用感叹号能恰当地突出说话人“生气、不满”的态度，这刚好与“Don’t Call me‘Joe’”的语气是协调的。
例17： Tom, you_____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005全国I)
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. may not
解析： 本题考查情态动词的用法。从感叹号的语气来看，说话人是命令的口吻，mustn’t有“禁止，不准”的意思，语气非常强烈，故答案为B。
【即时巩固练习】
1. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,_____ ver 600 years old.
A. all of them B. all of which
C. all of it D. none of which
2. I have a bit of headache. It’s nothing much,_____．
A. though B. yet C. but D. although
3． I speak as clearly as possible,_____ to make what I say easy_____.
A. hope; to understand
B. hoped; understand
C. hoping; to understand
D. to hope; to be understood
4. The meeting was put off,_____ was exactly_____we wanted.
A. it; that B. as; that
C. which; what D. this; what
5._____ some of the juice—perhaps you’ll like it.
A. Trying B. Try
C. To try D. Have tried
6. I’ve never seen anyone run so fast—_____David go.
A. just watch B. just to watch
C. just watching D. just having watched
7． George Orwell,_____ was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name_____B. what his real name
C. his real name_____D. whose real name
8. In our school there are 2000 students;about two fifths of_____ are girls.
A. whom B. whoC. which D. them
9. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter_____I’m talking to.
A. who is it B. who it is
C. it is who D. it is whom
10. —Go and ask her_____ come.
—OK.
A. what time would she like to
B. at what time she’d like to
C. when would she like to
D. when she likes to
11. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see_____.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
12. —Look at the heavy rain!_____ it would stop!
—Yes, it’s been like this for a whole day.
A. Even if B. Only if
C. Ever since D. If only
13. Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter_____ go and do the opposite!
A. may B. canC. must D. should
14. —I just heard that the tickets for tonight’s show have been sold out.
—Oh, no!_____.
A. I was looking forward to that
B. It doesn’t matter
C. I knew it already
D. It’s not at all interesting
Keys：1. A2. A3. C4. C5. B6. A7. D8. D9. B10. B11. D12. D13. C14. A