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本文对明太祖朱元璋国家宗教管理思想的基本要点进行分析,在此基础上对明初国家宗教政策的观念基础作出概括性的讨论。明太祖宗教思想全以国家政治为着眼点,即从世俗的立场看待宗教问题,以政治的手段驾驭宗教,其思想基础仍以儒家国家政治理论为主。此种思想与纯粹哲学家或者神学家对待宗教的观念从一开始就有不同。其区别在于明太祖宗教思想的政治实用主义而非学术的性质,故其中有经有权,有诚有诈。所以明太祖的宗教思想从属于他的政治思想,此亦政治家的普遍特色。由于君主集权主义体制及其强化,明太祖宗教思想为有明一代国家宗教政策奠定了以儒为本,以佛教、道教为用,为制度化的宗教留出一定空间而加以控制,对可能成为社会控制威胁的民间的其他有组织的宗教性活动加以限制的基本方略,此方略帮助明朝落实法统汉、唐、宋国家体制的原则,并对中国文化、社会的变动倾向产生影响。其国家专制社会的倾向明显,但并非绝对化的专制,而是具有一定的弹性。就明太祖有生之年看,其宗教思想大致和国家宗教政策以及国家在其他方面的政策保持协调。从长时段历史的角度考察,明太祖宗教政策并无明显的思想混乱或者举措矛盾处。通明一代,仍以明太祖时期的国家对于宗教事务的制度与政策最具有自觉把握的意识,并大致将之落实于实践。
This article analyzes the basic points of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang’s national religious management thought, and based on this, makes a general discussion on the concept foundation of the national religious policy in early Ming Dynasty. Ming Taizu religious thought all takes the national politics as the point of view, that is to treat the religious question from the secular standpoint and control the religion by the political method. Its ideological basis is still dominated by the Confucian political theory. The notion of religion as opposed to pure philosophers or theologians differs from the very beginning. The difference lies in the political pragmatism of Ming Taizu’s political thought rather than its academic nature. Therefore, it has the power and integrity to cheat. Therefore, the religious ideology of Ming Taizu is subordinate to his political thought, which is also a common feature of politicians. Due to the monarchist system and its reinforcement, the religious belief of the Ming Taido proves to lay a foundation on Confucianism for the religious policy of the next generation of countries, using Buddhism and Taoism as its purpose, leaving some space for institutionalized religions to be controlled, This strategy helps the Ming government implement the principles of the national system of law, Han, Tang and Song in Ming dynasty and exerts influence on the change of Chinese culture and society. The predilection of the authoritarian society in the country is obvious, but it is not an absolute tyranny, but a certain degree of flexibility. As far as Ming Taizu’s life is concerned, his religious ideas are generally in harmony with the state’s religious policies and the state’s policies in other areas. From the perspective of long history, there is no apparent ideological chaos or inconsistency in the Ming Taido religion policy. In the Ming Dynasty, the state has the most conscious awareness of the system and policy of religious affairs in the Ming Taizu period and has generally put it into practice.