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马克思说:“古代各国的部落都建立在两种方法上:有的按氏族,有的按领土。按氏族特征组成的部落,比之按领土特征形成的部落较为古老,而且前者几乎到处都被后者所排斥……”马克思关于部落建立的两种形式的论述,普遍适用于世界上的各种部落。所谓按氏族特征组成的部落,是指那些建立在氏族血缘关系上的、更为古老的部落,这种部落相当于发达的母系氏族社会。至于按领土特征形成的部落,便是指由不同的父系家族和农村公社依照土地辖区范围的划分所建立起来的部落,这种部落可以称为地域都落或领土部落,这是跨向阶级社会的、世界上许多民族所经历过的部落组织形式。云南省景颇族、佤族解放前的部落酋长制正是这种类型的地域部落。对于景颇族、佤族的部落酋长制的比较研究,有助于对经典作家关于按领土特征形成部落的理解。
Marx said: “The ancient tribes are based on two methods: some according to the clan, and some according to the territory of tribes by clan features than tribal territories formed by the more ancient features, and the former is almost everywhere The latter excludes ... ”The two forms of Marxist account of the establishment of tribes generally apply to the various tribes in the world. The so-called clan-based tribes refer to the older tribes founded on the clan’s kinship, which is the equivalent of a developed matriarchal society. As for the tribe formed by the territorial characteristics, it means the tribe established by the different patrilineal families and the rural communes in accordance with the division of the territorial jurisdiction. Such tribe may be referred to as territorial or territorial tribes. This is an inter-class society The tribal organization that many nations in the world have experienced. The Jingpo ethnic group in Yunnan Province and the tribal chiefdom system prior to the liberation of the Wa nationality are precisely this type of regional tribe. A comparative study of tribal chieftainments of the Jingpo and Wa tribes is helpful for the understanding of the classical writers about the formation of tribes by their territorial characteristics.