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中国大陆沿海以加工贸易/出口导向为主的劳力密集制造业,大约从20世纪90年代中期开始接替乡镇企业,创造了大陆的出口奇迹,缔造了持续的高速增长,但在进入21世纪之后,国际、国内经济形势剧变,这些企业开始面临日益沉重的生存压力。摆在这些企业面前的主要有两条出路——转型升级或区域转移,否则就得走向倒闭。这些面临转型升级压力的企业将如何抉择?产业升级理论上是优先选项,但为何多数企业并未积极响应?它们为何在经历观望之后,纷纷选择内迁式的区域转移?本文以全球“代工之王”富士康为案例,通过经验调查,并与媒体报导相结合,试图分析中国大陆代工企业转型升级的决策过程。根据富士康的案例,本文认为,由于“结构锁定”和“当地锁定”制约,且缺乏政府的足够支持,这些外向型加工企业多数难以有效升级。与此同时,在现有的政治锦标式的晋升激励下,转出、移入地区的地方政府都对上述企业的区域转移提供了不同程度的优惠与补贴,进而促成这些企业的迁移决策。换言之,即便对于意欲自主选择进行技术升级的企业如富士康,最终却多少有点身不由己地走向了内迁之路。
The labor-intensive manufacturing industry in the mainland China, mainly with processing trade / export orientation, took the place of township and village enterprises from the mid-1990s onwards and created a miracle in exports to the Mainland. Despite the rapid growth in the 21st century, As the international and domestic economic situations have changed drastically, these enterprises are beginning to face increasing pressure to survive. In front of these enterprises have two main outlets - restructuring and upgrading or regional transfer, or you have to go bankrupt. How will these enterprises facing the pressure of transformation and upgrading choose their industries? Industry upgrading is theoretically a priority, but why most enterprises do not respond positively? Why do they choose to relocate their regions after they wait and see? King of 工人 “Foxconn as an example, through empirical investigation and combined with media reports, attempts to analyze the decision-making process of the transformation and upgrading of foundry enterprises in mainland China. According to Foxconn’s case, this paper argues that due to the ”structural locking“ and ”local locking" constraints and the lack of sufficient government support, most of these export-oriented processing enterprises are difficult to upgrade effectively. At the same time, with the promotion of the existing political championships, local governments that move out of or into the regions provide different levels of preferential treatment and subsidies for the regional transfer of the above-mentioned enterprises, thus facilitating the relocation of these enterprises. In other words, even for companies that want to make technological choices for their own choice, such as Foxconn, they are somewhat at a loss to move inwards.