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已认识三种病毒性肝炎:甲型肝炎,乙型肝炎及非甲非乙型肝炎。甲型肝炎由一种微小核糖核酸病毒引起,通过粪一口途径传播,不会转为慢性,亦无慢性病毒携带者。该病毒可在细胞培养物中生长,灭活和减毒活病毒疫苗的生产正在开展。乙型肝炎由一种含环状双股DNA的有外壳的病毒引起,从肠道外通过接种含病毒的血或血制品而传播,亦可通过同病毒阳性者密切接触而传播。有一些乙型肝炎病人可转为慢性及导致肝硬化和原发性肝细胞癌。持续或慢性感染者的血液和机体某些分泌物的传染性可持续多年。HBV不能在细胞培养物中生长,但其完整基因组的排列顺序已弄清,并可在细菌和真核细胞内进行无性繁殖。现用HBV携带者血浆的HBsAg已制成灭活病毒疫苗,更有效的疫苗正在研制。非甲非乙型肝炎的病原体还未验明,但可把非甲非乙型肝炎分为主要经肠道外传播和经口传播两型。据报告后一型是由与HAV无任何抗原关系的微小核糖核酸病毒引起的。本文介绍病毒性肝炎的最新进展。
Three viral hepatitis have been identified: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Non-Hepatitis B. Hepatitis A is caused by a picornavirus that spreads through the fecal route without becoming chronic and without chronic virus carriers. The virus can grow in cell cultures, inactivated and attenuated Live virus vaccine production is underway. Hepatitis B is caused by an enveloped virus that contains circular double-stranded DNA, is spread from the outside of the gut through inoculation of virus-containing blood or blood products, and is spread by intimate contact with a virus-positive person. Some patients with hepatitis B can be converted to chronic and lead to cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Infections of certain secretions of the blood and body of people who are persistent or chronically infected can persist for many years. HBV can not grow in cell culture but its complete genome has been clarified and cloned in bacteria and eukaryotes. HBsAg in the plasma of current HBV carriers has been made into an inactivated virus vaccine and more effective vaccines are being developed. Non-A non-B hepatitis pathogens have not yet been identified, but non-A non-B hepatitis can be divided into two kinds mainly by enteral and oral transmission. The latter type is reported to be caused by Picornavirus which has no antigenic relationship to HAV. This article describes the latest advances in viral hepatitis.