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寨卡病毒为有包膜的RNA病毒,属于黄病毒科黄病毒属成员,主要通过埃及伊蚊叮咬传播,于1947年首次在乌干达寨卡森林的恒河猴中发现,此后主要在非洲、美洲、亚洲及太平洋地区散发流行。2015年起,寨卡病毒病疫情在中南美洲(主要是巴西)快速扩散,该病主要临床特征为发热、皮疹、关节痛或结膜炎,并与新生儿小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征有关。实验室检测方法包括PCR检测病毒RNA和检测血清中的中和抗体IgM。目前尚无特异性的抗病毒药物和疫苗。主要的预防措施是提高个人防护意识,防止蚊虫的叮咬。本文从流行病学、生物学、致病机制与检测方法等方面综述了寨卡病毒及其所致疾病的最新研究进展,为这种新发病原体的防控提供参考。
Zika virus is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Flaviviridae of the flavivirus and transmitted primarily through bites of Aedes aegypti. It was first found in Rhesus monkeys in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947 and since then mainly in Africa, the Americas , Asia and the Pacific distributed the epidemic. Since 2015, the spread of Zika virus disease has rapidly spread in Central and South America (mainly Brazil), with the main clinical features of fever, rash, joint pain or conjunctivitis and is associated with microcephaly in neonates, Guillain-Barre syndrome related. Laboratory tests include PCR for detection of viral RNA and detection of neutralizing antibody IgM in serum. There are currently no specific antiviral drugs and vaccines. The main precautionary measures are to raise the awareness of personal protection against mosquito bites. This article reviews the latest research progress of Zika virus and its disease from the aspects of epidemiology, biology, pathogenic mechanism and detection methods, and provides reference for the prevention and control of this new pathogen.