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光遗传学是一种将光能和基因学结合的技术,采用光介导的蛋白-蛋白相互作用控制活细胞内信号转导通道的开启与关闭,或信号通路元件的激活与失活.近年来新兴的光遗传工具为在时空方面控制生命体细胞信号转导打开了一扇新的大门.人眼本身就是一个光信号-生物电的光电转换系统,将光遗传技术应用于视网膜相关疾病的治疗具有很大的优势,一些新型的光遗传工具层出不穷.本文将重点探讨光遗传控制细胞的主要方式及采用光遗传技术治疗视网膜相关疾病的研究进展与展望.“,”Optogenetics is a technique combining optics and the power of light with genetics;it uses light-mediated protein-protein interactions to control the open/closed state of channels or the activation/inactivation states of signaling components within live cells.Recently developed optogenetic tools offer exciting opportunities by enabling signaling regulation with superior temporal and spatial resolution.The eye is a light-bioelectric conversion system.Compared with diseases of other organs,there are great advantages to apply optogenetics to the treatment of ophthalmic conditions,as new optical genetic tools are rapidly emerging.This article will focus on the main methods of optogenetic control of cells and the current status and outlook of its application in retinal diseases.