论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】压疮是脊髓损伤后常见并发症,会延长住院时间、影响康复、增加患者痛苦、加重家庭负担,同时对医护人员也是巨大的挑战。本研究针对脊髓损伤压疮的发生率、影响因素、相关量表、预防和治疗等方面进行总结,对未来脊髓损伤压疮的防与治提出新的思考空间与探索方向。
【关键词】压力性损伤;脊髓损伤;综述
[中图分类号]R473.6 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-5249(2021)09-0086-02
Nursing research on patients with spinal cord injury complicated with pressure ulcer
LIU Jing, LI Xian (College of nursing, Hebei University of traditional Chinese medicine, Shijiazhuang Hebei 050091, China)
[Abstract] Pressure ulcer is a common complication after spinal cord injury, which can prolong the length of hospital stay, affect the rehabilitation, increase the pain of patients, and increase the burden of families. At the same time, it is also a huge challenge for medical staff. This study summarized the incidence, influencing factors, related scales, prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury pressure sores, and put forward new thinking space and exploration direction for the prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury pressure sores in the future.
[Key words] Stress injury; Spinal cord injury; Overview
压力性损伤(Pressure injuries, PI)是由于较强或长时间受压发生在骨突处、医疗器械使用处或黏膜受压处的皮肤、皮下软组织局部损伤,皮肤完整或破损,可能伴有疼痛[1]。PI目前在国内外的发生率居高不下,尤其在脊髓損伤(Spinal cord injury, SCI)病人中更为多见。SCI是外力直接或间接作用于脊髓,造成损伤平面以下运动、感觉障碍的一种严重且致残的创伤[2]。有调查显示,SCI男性发生率大约是女性的四倍,高处坠落和车祸在20~59岁中常见,骨折部位的发生频率依次为颈、胸、胸腰和骶尾椎,不完全损伤占85.89 %[3]。由于脊髓损伤后出现神经坏死、水肿、出血等病理变化,脊髓平面以下失去运动、感觉、自主神经保护,极易发生压疮[4]。因此,脊髓损伤压疮(Spinal cord injury pressure ulcer, SCIPU)成为医护人员非常具有挑战性的问题。
1 SCI患者的PI发生率和负面影响
PI是脊髓损伤后严重的继发性并发症。澳大利亚Scovil等人对6所康复机构研究并证明,SCI的PI发生率为30.3 %,Ⅱ期PI常见,PI通常累及臀部、尾骨和骶骨,占观察到的PI 53.5 %, 足跟部次之[5]。国内最近黄英等人对397例SCI患者进行回顾性研究,PI在SCI并发症中排名第二,发生率为24.59 %,与国内已有报道相一致[3]。美国最近的一项研究显示,169名SCI患者中有41%在康复后的第一年内发生至少一个PI[6]。SCI并发PI会引起很多负面的作用,比如体相改变、自尊心受挫、社交关系恶化和社交活动限制,同时还会增加再住院几率,提高住院费用[7-8][9]。南非543例SCI患者再入院的相关因素研究中,资料分析显示有18 %患者再次住院,PI发生在相关原因中占39 %[10],并与住院时间延长有关[11]。孟加拉国的一项调查显示,371名SCI患者入院,一年后350名生存,出院后2年生存率87 %,其中轮椅依赖者的2年生存率为81 %,最常见的死因是PI引起的脓毒症[12]。总而言之,SCI发生后PI发生率高,在经济欠发达地区尤为明显,不仅延长住院时间、增加住院费用,而且引发严重的并发症,导致死亡,积极预防PI以减轻患者痛苦。
2 SCI患者的PI保护因素和有害因素
美国学者研究SCIPU发生的保护因素和有害因素较多,通过确定发生风险最高的因素才能制定有效的预防方案。根据法国的一项SCIPI风险分析,73.4 %患者在受伤后发生PI,失业、人际关系紧张、情绪低落与压疮发生有关,不完全损伤日常生活功能独立是保护因素[13]。另有研究确定了八种潜在的保护性因素:锻炼、健康的生活习惯、对健康的高度重视、可获取的医疗设备资源和住房、情绪的自我调节、个人特征、身体状况[14]。到目前为止,有些保护因素很少被发现:本科学位、已婚、被雇用、锻炼和健康饮食[15]。美国Lisa J.Gould等人对SCIPU发生因素提出三个假设并进行验证,其一,累积吸烟史增加了PI风险;其二,适度超重可能是一个保护性因素;其三,增加照顾者人数不能降低PI发生的风险[16]。脊髓损伤后瘫痪部位(四肢瘫痪、截瘫、偏瘫)对PI发生有影响,四肢瘫和截瘫的PI发生率显著高于无瘫痪的患者,而偏瘫患者与无瘫痪患者的PI发生率相似[17]。张玲等人总结出SCI患者血清白蛋白水平低、Baden评分低下是患者并发PI的独立危险因素,同时表明血清白蛋白联合Braden评分能预测患者在住院期间压疮的发生[18]。目前研究吸烟对脊髓损伤压疮的发生影响仍不明确。美国 Weaver等人根据是否吸烟和戒烟的SCI人群进行健康评估,发现吸烟对SCIPU的发生没有影响[19]。同样美国Meheroz等人研究发现高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症和吸烟等因素在患和不患PI之间没有差别,在SCI严重程度上有显著性差异[20]。 [2] 李建军, 杨明亮, 杨德刚, 等. “创伤性脊柱脊髓损伤评估、治疗与康复”专家共识[J]. 中国康复理论与实践, 2017, 23(3): 274-287.
[3] 黄英, 叶林, 冯海燕, 等. 397例住院脊髓损伤患者的流行病学分析[J]. 按摩与康复医学, 2018, 9(20): 38-40.
[4] 祁玉军, 孙文琳, 孟德钎, 等. 康复治疗的起始時间对不同节段脊髓损伤治疗效果的影响[J]. 中国临床保健杂志, 2018, 21(5): 652-655.
[5] Scovil C Y, Scovil C Y, Delparte J J, et al. Implementation of Pressure Injury Prevention Best Practices Across 6 Canadian Rehabilitation Sites: Results From the Spinal Cord Injury Knowledge Mobilization Network[J]. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2019, 100(2): 327-335.
[6] MD S, J B, S B, et al. Complications of Spinal Cord Injury Over the First Year After Discharge From Inpatient Rehabilitation. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2017, 98(9): 1800-1805.
[7] D C, J P, E N, et al. Risk indicators of length of acute hospital stay after traumatic spinal cord injury in South Africa: a prospective, populationbased study. [J]. Spinal cord, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[8] JY K, E C, AIM This Study Developed A Self-efficacy Enhancement Program And Evaluated Its Effects On The Self-care Behaviors S K A S, et al. Evaluation of a self-efficacy enhancement program to prevent pressure ulcers in patients with a spinal cord injury. [J]. Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS, 2017, 14(1): 76-86.
[9] AS B, A S, CL C, et al. Understanding Length of Stay after Spinal Cord Injury: Insights and Limitations from the Access to Care and Timing Project. [J]. Journal of neurotrauma, 2017, 34(20): 2910-2916.
[10] Mashola M K, Olorunju S, Mothabeng J. Factors related to hospital readmissions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa[J]. S Afr Med J, 2019, 109(2): 107-111.
[11] Conradsson D, Phillips J, Nizeyimana E, et al. Risk indicators of length of acute hospital stay after traumatic spinal cord injury in South Africa: a prospective, population-based study[J]. Spinal Cord, 2019.
[12] MS H, MA R, RD H, et al. Two-year survival following discharge from hospital after spinal cord injury in Bangladesh. [J]. Spinal cord, 2016, 54(2): 132-136.
[13] Le Fort M, M E, B P, et al. Risk Analyses of Pressure Ulcer in Tetraplegic Spinal Cord-Injured Persons: A French Long-Term Survey. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2017, 98(9): 1782-1791.
[14] AG S, AM C, VA H, et al. Factors Protecting Against Pressure Injuries in Medically Underserved Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Study.[J]. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 2019, 25(1): 31-40. [15] Mortenson W B, Miller W C. A review of scales for assessing the risk of developing a pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI[J]. Spinal Cord, 2008, 46(3): 168-175.
[16] Gould L J, Olney C M, Nichols J S, et al. Spinal Cord Injury survey to determine pressure ulcer vulnerability in the outpatient population[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2014, 83(5): 552-558.
[17] LJ C, H A, M F, et al. Pressure Ulcer Prevalence by Level of Paralysis in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury in Long-term Care. [J]. Advances in skin & wound care, 2019, 32(3): 122-130.
[18] 張玲, 程方雄. 血清白蛋白联合Braden评分量表在脊髓损伤后压疮患者中的应用价值[J]. 护士进修杂志, 2018, 33(6): 529-531.
[19] Weaver F M, Smith B, LaVela S L, et al. Smoking behavior and delivery of evidence-based care for veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011, 34(1): 35-45.
[20] Rabadi M H, Vincent A S. Do vascular risk factors contribute to the prevalence of pressure ulcer in veterans with spinal cord injury?[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011, 34(1): 46-51.
[21] M A, LA H, JV G, et al. Telephone-based management of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in low- and middle-income countries: a randomised controlled trial. [J]. Spinal cord, 2017, 55(2): 141-147.
[22] WB M, WC M, BACKGROUND Pressure Ulcers Are A Common Secondary Condition That Occur Post-spinal Cord Injury SCI These Ulcers Come At Tremendous Personal And Societal Cost. There Are A Number Of Scales That Can Be Used To Identify Those Who Are At Risk. O T R C, et al. A review of scales for assessing the risk of developing a pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI. [J]. Spinal cord, 2008, 46(3): 168-175.
[23] HM F, JJ D, CY S, et al. Determining pressure injury risk on admission to inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comparison of the Functional Independence Measure, Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale, and Braden scale. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[24] Makhsous M, Lin F, Knaus E, et al. Promote pressure ulcer healing in individuals with spinal cord injury using an individualized cyclic pressure-relief protocol[J]. Advances in skin & wound care, 2009, 22(11): 514-521.
[25] J H, MT L, KR H, et al. The Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale(SCIPUS): an assessment of validity using Rasch analysis. [J]. Spinal cord, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[26] S D, LM F, C S, et al. Sacral Peak Pressure in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: With and Without Liquid-Based Pad. [J]. Nursing research, 2015, 64(4): 300-305. [27] 吴婷, 李津. 基于奥马哈系统的延续性护理对脊髓损伤患者出院后并发症的影响[J]. 世界最新医学信息文摘, 2019, 19(12): 251-257.
[28] 赵坤. 延续性护理干预对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者术后康复效果的研究[J]. 中国伤残医学, 2018, 26(3): 76-78.
[29] 杨艳莉. 延续性护理对脊柱骨折合并截瘫患者出院后压疮的预防作用分析[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(S1): 258-259.
[30] 蒋群花, 程惠仙, 沈丽, 等. 医院-社区-家庭护理模式对脊髓损伤患者康复的影响[J]. 上海护理, 2018, 18(4): 28-31.
[31] 贝令娜. 脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤手术病人的护理方法及护理效果分析[J]. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2018, 5(A3): 141.
[32] 施春娟. 综合护理对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者并发症发生率的影响研究[J]. 当代护士(中旬刊), 2018, 25(12): 39-40.
[33] 袁萍, 郭兰, 兰晓玲, 等. 中医传统疗法综合康复方案协同康复护理模式对脊髓损伤患者功能恢复影响的研究[J]. 赣南医学院学报, 2018, 38(2): 171-174.
[34] M A, LA H, JV G, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of telephonebased support for the management of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in India and Bangladesh. [J]. Spinal cord, 2017, 55(12): 1071-1078.
[35] Arora M, Harvey L A, Hayes A J, et al. Effectiveness and costeffectiveness of telephone-based support versus usual care for treatment of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in lowincome and middle-income countries: study protocol for a 12-week randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(7): e8369.
[36] S G, EA P, E B, et al. Lifestyle changes and pressure ulcer prevention in adults with spinal cord injury in the pressure ulcer prevention study lifestyle intervention. [J]. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 2015, 69(1): 1688644571p-1688644572p.
[37] 葛貝贝. 红花外用对脊髓损伤压疮Ⅰ期中的治疗效果分析[J]. 中西医结合心血管病电子杂志, 2018, 6(30): 164-165.
[38] 周雄丽. 新型湿性敷料在脊髓损伤患者压疮护理的效果观察[J].广西中医药大学学报, 2018, 21(1): 92-93.
[39] 李娟. 湿性愈合理论在治疗脊髓损伤患者压疮中的应用[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(S1): 189-190.
作者简介:刘京,初级护士,硕士研究生在读,河北中医学院。
*通信作者:李贤,河北省人民医院。E-mail:lixian1966@126. com
【关键词】压力性损伤;脊髓损伤;综述
[中图分类号]R473.6 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-5249(2021)09-0086-02
Nursing research on patients with spinal cord injury complicated with pressure ulcer
LIU Jing, LI Xian (College of nursing, Hebei University of traditional Chinese medicine, Shijiazhuang Hebei 050091, China)
[Abstract] Pressure ulcer is a common complication after spinal cord injury, which can prolong the length of hospital stay, affect the rehabilitation, increase the pain of patients, and increase the burden of families. At the same time, it is also a huge challenge for medical staff. This study summarized the incidence, influencing factors, related scales, prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury pressure sores, and put forward new thinking space and exploration direction for the prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury pressure sores in the future.
[Key words] Stress injury; Spinal cord injury; Overview
压力性损伤(Pressure injuries, PI)是由于较强或长时间受压发生在骨突处、医疗器械使用处或黏膜受压处的皮肤、皮下软组织局部损伤,皮肤完整或破损,可能伴有疼痛[1]。PI目前在国内外的发生率居高不下,尤其在脊髓損伤(Spinal cord injury, SCI)病人中更为多见。SCI是外力直接或间接作用于脊髓,造成损伤平面以下运动、感觉障碍的一种严重且致残的创伤[2]。有调查显示,SCI男性发生率大约是女性的四倍,高处坠落和车祸在20~59岁中常见,骨折部位的发生频率依次为颈、胸、胸腰和骶尾椎,不完全损伤占85.89 %[3]。由于脊髓损伤后出现神经坏死、水肿、出血等病理变化,脊髓平面以下失去运动、感觉、自主神经保护,极易发生压疮[4]。因此,脊髓损伤压疮(Spinal cord injury pressure ulcer, SCIPU)成为医护人员非常具有挑战性的问题。
1 SCI患者的PI发生率和负面影响
PI是脊髓损伤后严重的继发性并发症。澳大利亚Scovil等人对6所康复机构研究并证明,SCI的PI发生率为30.3 %,Ⅱ期PI常见,PI通常累及臀部、尾骨和骶骨,占观察到的PI 53.5 %, 足跟部次之[5]。国内最近黄英等人对397例SCI患者进行回顾性研究,PI在SCI并发症中排名第二,发生率为24.59 %,与国内已有报道相一致[3]。美国最近的一项研究显示,169名SCI患者中有41%在康复后的第一年内发生至少一个PI[6]。SCI并发PI会引起很多负面的作用,比如体相改变、自尊心受挫、社交关系恶化和社交活动限制,同时还会增加再住院几率,提高住院费用[7-8][9]。南非543例SCI患者再入院的相关因素研究中,资料分析显示有18 %患者再次住院,PI发生在相关原因中占39 %[10],并与住院时间延长有关[11]。孟加拉国的一项调查显示,371名SCI患者入院,一年后350名生存,出院后2年生存率87 %,其中轮椅依赖者的2年生存率为81 %,最常见的死因是PI引起的脓毒症[12]。总而言之,SCI发生后PI发生率高,在经济欠发达地区尤为明显,不仅延长住院时间、增加住院费用,而且引发严重的并发症,导致死亡,积极预防PI以减轻患者痛苦。
2 SCI患者的PI保护因素和有害因素
美国学者研究SCIPU发生的保护因素和有害因素较多,通过确定发生风险最高的因素才能制定有效的预防方案。根据法国的一项SCIPI风险分析,73.4 %患者在受伤后发生PI,失业、人际关系紧张、情绪低落与压疮发生有关,不完全损伤日常生活功能独立是保护因素[13]。另有研究确定了八种潜在的保护性因素:锻炼、健康的生活习惯、对健康的高度重视、可获取的医疗设备资源和住房、情绪的自我调节、个人特征、身体状况[14]。到目前为止,有些保护因素很少被发现:本科学位、已婚、被雇用、锻炼和健康饮食[15]。美国Lisa J.Gould等人对SCIPU发生因素提出三个假设并进行验证,其一,累积吸烟史增加了PI风险;其二,适度超重可能是一个保护性因素;其三,增加照顾者人数不能降低PI发生的风险[16]。脊髓损伤后瘫痪部位(四肢瘫痪、截瘫、偏瘫)对PI发生有影响,四肢瘫和截瘫的PI发生率显著高于无瘫痪的患者,而偏瘫患者与无瘫痪患者的PI发生率相似[17]。张玲等人总结出SCI患者血清白蛋白水平低、Baden评分低下是患者并发PI的独立危险因素,同时表明血清白蛋白联合Braden评分能预测患者在住院期间压疮的发生[18]。目前研究吸烟对脊髓损伤压疮的发生影响仍不明确。美国 Weaver等人根据是否吸烟和戒烟的SCI人群进行健康评估,发现吸烟对SCIPU的发生没有影响[19]。同样美国Meheroz等人研究发现高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症和吸烟等因素在患和不患PI之间没有差别,在SCI严重程度上有显著性差异[20]。 [2] 李建军, 杨明亮, 杨德刚, 等. “创伤性脊柱脊髓损伤评估、治疗与康复”专家共识[J]. 中国康复理论与实践, 2017, 23(3): 274-287.
[3] 黄英, 叶林, 冯海燕, 等. 397例住院脊髓损伤患者的流行病学分析[J]. 按摩与康复医学, 2018, 9(20): 38-40.
[4] 祁玉军, 孙文琳, 孟德钎, 等. 康复治疗的起始時间对不同节段脊髓损伤治疗效果的影响[J]. 中国临床保健杂志, 2018, 21(5): 652-655.
[5] Scovil C Y, Scovil C Y, Delparte J J, et al. Implementation of Pressure Injury Prevention Best Practices Across 6 Canadian Rehabilitation Sites: Results From the Spinal Cord Injury Knowledge Mobilization Network[J]. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2019, 100(2): 327-335.
[6] MD S, J B, S B, et al. Complications of Spinal Cord Injury Over the First Year After Discharge From Inpatient Rehabilitation. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2017, 98(9): 1800-1805.
[7] D C, J P, E N, et al. Risk indicators of length of acute hospital stay after traumatic spinal cord injury in South Africa: a prospective, populationbased study. [J]. Spinal cord, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[8] JY K, E C, AIM This Study Developed A Self-efficacy Enhancement Program And Evaluated Its Effects On The Self-care Behaviors S K A S, et al. Evaluation of a self-efficacy enhancement program to prevent pressure ulcers in patients with a spinal cord injury. [J]. Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS, 2017, 14(1): 76-86.
[9] AS B, A S, CL C, et al. Understanding Length of Stay after Spinal Cord Injury: Insights and Limitations from the Access to Care and Timing Project. [J]. Journal of neurotrauma, 2017, 34(20): 2910-2916.
[10] Mashola M K, Olorunju S, Mothabeng J. Factors related to hospital readmissions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa[J]. S Afr Med J, 2019, 109(2): 107-111.
[11] Conradsson D, Phillips J, Nizeyimana E, et al. Risk indicators of length of acute hospital stay after traumatic spinal cord injury in South Africa: a prospective, population-based study[J]. Spinal Cord, 2019.
[12] MS H, MA R, RD H, et al. Two-year survival following discharge from hospital after spinal cord injury in Bangladesh. [J]. Spinal cord, 2016, 54(2): 132-136.
[13] Le Fort M, M E, B P, et al. Risk Analyses of Pressure Ulcer in Tetraplegic Spinal Cord-Injured Persons: A French Long-Term Survey. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2017, 98(9): 1782-1791.
[14] AG S, AM C, VA H, et al. Factors Protecting Against Pressure Injuries in Medically Underserved Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Study.[J]. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 2019, 25(1): 31-40. [15] Mortenson W B, Miller W C. A review of scales for assessing the risk of developing a pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI[J]. Spinal Cord, 2008, 46(3): 168-175.
[16] Gould L J, Olney C M, Nichols J S, et al. Spinal Cord Injury survey to determine pressure ulcer vulnerability in the outpatient population[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2014, 83(5): 552-558.
[17] LJ C, H A, M F, et al. Pressure Ulcer Prevalence by Level of Paralysis in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury in Long-term Care. [J]. Advances in skin & wound care, 2019, 32(3): 122-130.
[18] 張玲, 程方雄. 血清白蛋白联合Braden评分量表在脊髓损伤后压疮患者中的应用价值[J]. 护士进修杂志, 2018, 33(6): 529-531.
[19] Weaver F M, Smith B, LaVela S L, et al. Smoking behavior and delivery of evidence-based care for veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011, 34(1): 35-45.
[20] Rabadi M H, Vincent A S. Do vascular risk factors contribute to the prevalence of pressure ulcer in veterans with spinal cord injury?[J]. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011, 34(1): 46-51.
[21] M A, LA H, JV G, et al. Telephone-based management of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in low- and middle-income countries: a randomised controlled trial. [J]. Spinal cord, 2017, 55(2): 141-147.
[22] WB M, WC M, BACKGROUND Pressure Ulcers Are A Common Secondary Condition That Occur Post-spinal Cord Injury SCI These Ulcers Come At Tremendous Personal And Societal Cost. There Are A Number Of Scales That Can Be Used To Identify Those Who Are At Risk. O T R C, et al. A review of scales for assessing the risk of developing a pressure ulcer in individuals with SCI. [J]. Spinal cord, 2008, 46(3): 168-175.
[23] HM F, JJ D, CY S, et al. Determining pressure injury risk on admission to inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comparison of the Functional Independence Measure, Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale, and Braden scale. [J]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[24] Makhsous M, Lin F, Knaus E, et al. Promote pressure ulcer healing in individuals with spinal cord injury using an individualized cyclic pressure-relief protocol[J]. Advances in skin & wound care, 2009, 22(11): 514-521.
[25] J H, MT L, KR H, et al. The Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Scale(SCIPUS): an assessment of validity using Rasch analysis. [J]. Spinal cord, 2019, undefined(undefined): undefined.
[26] S D, LM F, C S, et al. Sacral Peak Pressure in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: With and Without Liquid-Based Pad. [J]. Nursing research, 2015, 64(4): 300-305. [27] 吴婷, 李津. 基于奥马哈系统的延续性护理对脊髓损伤患者出院后并发症的影响[J]. 世界最新医学信息文摘, 2019, 19(12): 251-257.
[28] 赵坤. 延续性护理干预对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者术后康复效果的研究[J]. 中国伤残医学, 2018, 26(3): 76-78.
[29] 杨艳莉. 延续性护理对脊柱骨折合并截瘫患者出院后压疮的预防作用分析[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(S1): 258-259.
[30] 蒋群花, 程惠仙, 沈丽, 等. 医院-社区-家庭护理模式对脊髓损伤患者康复的影响[J]. 上海护理, 2018, 18(4): 28-31.
[31] 贝令娜. 脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤手术病人的护理方法及护理效果分析[J]. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2018, 5(A3): 141.
[32] 施春娟. 综合护理对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者并发症发生率的影响研究[J]. 当代护士(中旬刊), 2018, 25(12): 39-40.
[33] 袁萍, 郭兰, 兰晓玲, 等. 中医传统疗法综合康复方案协同康复护理模式对脊髓损伤患者功能恢复影响的研究[J]. 赣南医学院学报, 2018, 38(2): 171-174.
[34] M A, LA H, JV G, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of telephonebased support for the management of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in India and Bangladesh. [J]. Spinal cord, 2017, 55(12): 1071-1078.
[35] Arora M, Harvey L A, Hayes A J, et al. Effectiveness and costeffectiveness of telephone-based support versus usual care for treatment of pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in lowincome and middle-income countries: study protocol for a 12-week randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(7): e8369.
[36] S G, EA P, E B, et al. Lifestyle changes and pressure ulcer prevention in adults with spinal cord injury in the pressure ulcer prevention study lifestyle intervention. [J]. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 2015, 69(1): 1688644571p-1688644572p.
[37] 葛貝贝. 红花外用对脊髓损伤压疮Ⅰ期中的治疗效果分析[J]. 中西医结合心血管病电子杂志, 2018, 6(30): 164-165.
[38] 周雄丽. 新型湿性敷料在脊髓损伤患者压疮护理的效果观察[J].广西中医药大学学报, 2018, 21(1): 92-93.
[39] 李娟. 湿性愈合理论在治疗脊髓损伤患者压疮中的应用[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(S1): 189-190.
作者简介:刘京,初级护士,硕士研究生在读,河北中医学院。
*通信作者:李贤,河北省人民医院。E-mail:lixian1966@126. com