9A Units 4—6知识要点精析与精练

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  1. live
  在Unit 4中读作[laIv],是形容词或副词,表示“现场直播的,实况转播的”、“活的,有生命的”(仅修饰名词,与dead相对),如:We saw a live tiger in the zoo. 在动物园我看见一只老虎。
  This years Beijing Music Awards will be covered live.今年北京音乐颁奖会将现场直播。
  【拓展】 读作[lIv]是不及物动词,表示“居住”,后跟宾语时需加介词in,如:
  — Where do you live? 你住在哪? — I live in a town. 我住在镇上。
  但是如果指居住在具体的街道多少号,则用介词at。
  — Where did you live two years ago? 两年前你住在哪?
  — I lived at 33 Fox Street. 我住在福克斯街33号。
  live表示“长期居住”,暗指“家住某处”,而stay则指“暂住、逗留”的意思,试比较:The boy lives in Beijing with his parents, but sometimes, he goes to his uncles farm and stay there for two weeks. 男孩和父母住在北京,但有时他会去叔叔的农场呆上两周。
  【联想】 不同的“活的”
  在英语中表示“活的”词有:live, living, alive,lively,但在用法上有所不同。
  ● live作形容词时读作[laIv],指“活的,有生命的”,只能用作定语,修饰物,不能修饰人,如: There are some live animals in the island.岛上有些动物。
  ● alive意为“活着的,存在的”,既可指人,又可指物,常用作表语,作定语时,只能用在被修饰的名词之后。反义词是“dead”,如:
  Is the fish alive or dead? 这条鱼是活着还是死了?
  He is the greatest poet alive. =He is the greatest living poet. 他是当今最伟大的诗人。
  ● living作形容词时表示“活的,活着的”,用作前置定语,可表示人或动物,如:living writers活着的作家,living things生物,a living language活语言,现用语言。
  用作名词表示“生活、生计”,如:Rich men like good living.富人喜欢过讲究的生活。
  Her parents were dead,she had to make a living. 她父母去世了,不得不自己谋生。
  ● lively 意为“生动的”“活泼的”“充满生气的”,作表语或定语,用来修饰人或物。She was dressed in a lively pink. 她身穿一件醒目的粉红色衣服。
  【链接中考】 将所给句子中的一处错误写出并改正。
  The fish we caught is still living. (2011·贵州遵义·89)
  【答案解析】 living表示“活的”时一般用作定语,alive用作表语,该句中应把living改作alive。
  2. end
  动词,“结束”,作及物动词时相当于finish,如:I ended/finished my letter with good wishes to her family. 我以给她家人美好祝福结束了我的信。
  作不及物动词用时与be over意思相同,如:I won the word game before the TV programme ended/was over. 电视节目结束时我赢了单词拼写游戏。
  end作名词,是“末端,尽头,终点”的意思,如:
  No. 4 Middle School is in the south end of the town.四中在镇的南端。
  常构成下列短语:
  ● by the end of 在……末之前,到……末为止,作时间状语,主句常用完成时态,如:By the end of the month, I have learnt over 2000 new words. 到月底为止,我学会了2000多个生词。
  ● at the end of在……的尽头/末尾,作时间或地点状语,主句常用一般时态,如:
  At the end of the term, we are going to Weihai for a holiday.在学期结束时,我们打算到威海度假。
  — How can I get to the post office? 我怎样到邮局?
  — Go down the street and turn right into Renmin Road, youll find it at the end of the road. 沿街向前走,右拐进入人民路,在路的尽头你就会找到了。
  ● in the end 最后,最终,与at last或finally意思相同,反义词组是in the beginning,如:Im sure everything will be all right in the end.我确信,最终一切会圆满。
  【联想】 at the end与in the end   前者指“某事物结束的地方”,后者表示“最终,最后,结果”之意,试比较:
  His speech was successful at the end. 他演讲的结束部分很成功。
  His speech proved a success in the end. 结果,他的演讲很成功。
  【拓展】 ending 名词,意为“末尾,结局”;endless 形容词,意为“无穷尽的”。
  【链接中考】
  By the end of last month, I all the CDs of Justin Bieber. (2011·上海·40)
  A. collect
  B collected
  C have collected
  D had collected
  【答案解析】 此处by意为“到……为止”,该句意为“到上个月末为止,我已经将Justin Bieber的全部CD收集起来”,表示“动作从过去已经开始一直持续到过去某个时间”,故要使用过去完成时,答案选D。
  3. surprising
  形容词,“令人惊讶的”,有主动意味,作表语时,主语通常是“物或某件事”,如:The news was surprising. 这条消息令人震惊。
  As I was working on the plan that day, you thought of that surprising ending. 那天,当我正在做计划的时候,你想出了那个令人惊讶的结尾。
  【联想】 ● surprised 形容词,“感到惊讶的”,有被动意味,作表语时,主语通常是“人”,后面常跟at sth. /doing sth.也可接to do sth. 如:I was surprised at the news(= at hearing the news = to hear the news).听到这个消息我感到十分惊讶。
  ● surprise作动词,表示“使惊讶”,宾语通常是人,如:His words surprised us.他的话使我们都很惊讶。
  作名词时,是“惊讶,惊奇”的意思,常构成词组to ones surprise和in surprise。用介词to,表示“由此及彼”,某事影响到某人的心理感受,用in表示内在的心理感觉,一般不受外界影响,试比较:To my surprise, the teacher refused my invitation. 使我惊讶的是,老师拒绝了我的邀请。
  Amy turned back and looked at him in surprise. 艾米转过身,吃惊地看着他。
  类似的短语还有:to ones joy, to ones excitement, to ones sorrow
  【拓展】 ing与ed结尾的形容词
  我们经常看到一些形容词是由ing和ed结尾的,这类词通常是由动词转化而来。
  同大多数形容词一样,它们既可在句中充当定语、表语或宾补,也可和多数形容词一样,被very、too所修饰,并有比较级和最高级。如:He is an interesting boy. 他是个有趣的孩子。(定语)
  The boy was so frightened that he couldnt move away. 男孩非常害怕,一动也不动。(表语)
  常见的这类形容词还有:exciting/excited,boring/bore,relaxing/relaxed,interesting/interested,surprising/surprised,amazing/amazed,frightening/frightened等。
  这类形容词大多与心理或情感有关系,以ed结尾的形容词往往与“人”有关,以ing结尾的常与“物”有关。一般来说,当用于修饰“人”时,用ed结尾的,修饰“物”时,用ing结尾的,如:
  Dr Allen was very pleased with his students. 艾伦博士非常满意他的学生。
  This is an amazing match. 这是一场令人惊讶的比赛。
  They were surprised to find the classroom empty. 发现教室是空的,他们很惊讶。
  The film is so interesting that everyone is interested in it. 电影很有趣,大家对它很感兴趣。
  【链接中考】
  The fans were to know the death of their favorite singing star Whitney Huston. (2012·山东东营·19)
  A. glad
  B. angry
  C excited
  D. surprised
  【答案解析】 句意:粉丝们得知他们最喜爱的歌星惠特妮·休斯顿的死讯,非常惊讶。glad 高兴的, angry 生气的, excited 兴奋的, surprised 惊讶的。考查形容词词义辨析。故选D。
  4. aloud
  副词,通常用作“出声地”,但在修饰cry,shout等动词时可表示“大声地”,试比较:
  He is reading aloud. 他在朗读。
  “Help, help me”, he cried aloud.“救命,救命呀。”他大声喊叫着。   ● 常用于“be supposed to do”结构,表示“被期望或被要求做某事”,通常理解为“理应,应该”,如:Everyone is supposed to know the law, but few people do. 人人都应该懂法,但很少有人懂。
  ● 接that引导的宾语从句,that可以省略,如:
  What makes you suppose (that) Im against it? 你根据什么认为我反对这件事?
  I suppose (that) well fly to London next week. 我想下周我们将飞往伦敦。
  【联想】 ● 由 suppose 引导的宾语从句,如果主句的主语是第一人称,并且主句谓语是一般现在时态,从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来,其反意疑问句时态一般与宾语从句一致,如:
  I dont suppose that hell agree. 我认为他不同意。
  We dont suppose they will say sorry to her, will they? 我们认为他们不会对她说对不起,是吧?
  ● 用于简略答语中,suppose后用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句,用 not 代替一个否定的宾语从句。
  — Do you suppose hell fail to catch the train? 你认为他会错过火车吗?
  — I suppose so./ I suppose not. (= I dont suppose so. )我想会的。 / 我想不会。
  注意:与 suppose 用法相同的还有:think, believe, expect, imagine 等。
  【链接中考】
  Students are to speak loudly in the reading room. (2010·吉林通化·42)
  A. told
  B supposed
  C not supposed
  D. allowed
  【答案解析】 如果不看后面的in the reading room,四个选项都可选,但这里的介词短语确定了只能选C,suppose用于被动语态表示“应该”,这里用否定形式。
  【巩固精练】
  Ⅰ 选择填空。
  ( )1. On April 14, 2010, a serious earthquake happened in Yushu. More than 2,000 people in it.
  A. dead
  B death
  C died
  D die
  ( )2. — How do you like your new job, Sam?
  — Its so , I dont like it at all.
  A. boring
  B interesting
  C exciting
  D relaxing
  ( )3. — May we leave the classroom now?
  — No, you . You to leave until the bell rings.
  A. mustnt; are allowed
  B dont have to; are supposed
  C neednt; arent allowed
  D cant; arent supposed
  ( )4. The number of teachers in our school greatly increased last term. A number of teachers in this school from the countryside.
  A. was; is
  B was; are
  C were; are
  D were; is
  ( )5. Oh, I left my dictionary at home.
  Can you me yours?
  A. lend
  B borrow
  C keep
  ( )6. — Dont forget your history and politics books tomorrow morning.
  — Thanks. I wont.
  A. bring
  B to bring
  C bringing
  ( )7. Lily, can you speak more loudly? I can hear you.
  A. almost
  B hardly
  C nearly
  ( )8. — Im leaving for Canada on a study trip next week.
  — .
  A. Enjoy your time
  B Thats all right
  C Youre welcome
  D Its a pleasure
  ( )9. — has your uncle the village?
  —Since 1999.He is in Shanghai now.   In the film, a doctor is found dead in his house. 在电影中,一名医生被发现死于他的房中。(P65)
  I like watching programmes about animals.I find them interesting. 我喜欢看关于动物的节目。我发现它们很有趣。(P75)
  【结构解析】 find this weeks programme a bit boring, find a doctor dead, find them interesting其中的boring, dead, interesting是形容词,作宾语的补足语,用来说明宾语的性质,通常可以构成下列句型:find it 形容词 to do sth. 表示“发现做某事是……”,如:
  We find it necessary to tell him everything that happened.我们发现很有必要告诉他发生的一切。
  【拓展】 ① 充当宾语补足语的有:形容词、不定式、名词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等,如:He was last seen leaving his office in New Town at about 7 p.m. 他最后一次被看见是
  大约晚上7点,离开他在新镇的办公室。
  I found them in the library. 我发现他们在图书室。
  ② it作形式宾语。 it为代词,在句中有时可以作为形式宾语出现,真正的宾语是句中表示动作的不定式,常用于该句型的动词除find外,还有think,feel,believe等,如:
  I feel it important to study hard. 我认为努力学习十分重要。
  【链接中考】 根据情景,把下面对话内容补充完整,使其意思连贯。
  W: Yes, we play it a lot. Can you play it?
  P: No, I cant. I tried, but (2010·江苏·宿迁·73)
  【答案解析】 根据对话上下意思和but转折,可以判断出回答者很难打好球,因此这里可以写出如下句子:I find it (is/was) difficult./I find it hard to play./I failed./I still cant play it well./it is(was) difficult for me...。
  【原句再现3】 She is famous not only in the USA, but also in other parts of the world. 她不仅在美国,而且在世界其它地方也很出名。(P82)
  People remember her not just as a great actress, but also as a great humanitarian because she devoted much of her time to charity. 由于大部分时间投入到慈善事业,人们不仅把她当作一位伟大的演员而记住她,而且当作一位伟大的人道主义者而记住她。(P83)
  【结构解析】 not only...but also... 表示“不仅……而且……”“既……又……”,用于连接句中两个性质相同的成分,强调but also引出的内容。如:Not only boys but also girls were chosen.不但男孩们,而且女孩子们也被选中了。
  Simon likes not only music but also sport. 西门不仅喜欢音乐,而且喜欢运动。
  有时可以用just,simply 等替代其中的 only,比如原句2中,该句型中的 not only 不能分开使用,但 but also 却可以分开使用,如:The area was not only hit by heavy rain, but some bridges were also washed away. 这个地区不仅遭到大雨袭击,而且桥梁也被冲垮了。
  当not only... but also... 连接主语时,谓语动词要和与其邻近的主语保持一致,如:Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. 不仅是学生,老师也反对这个计划。
  not only...but also... 连接句子时,如果not only置于句首,要用倒装语序,如:
  Not only was there no food, but also no water.那里不仅没有食物,连水也没有。
  not only A but also B = B as well as A,两者强调重点都在 B ,如:
  The child is not only healthy but also lively. = The child is lively as well as healthy. 这孩子既活泼又健康。
  【拓展】
  In many places of this beautiful land, you can either take a walk in the rain forests or go for a swim in its warm seas. 在这片美丽土地的好多地方,你可以在雨林漫步,也可以在温暖的海域游泳。
  Weather in Australia is neither too hot nor too cold. 澳大利亚的气候既不太热也不太冷。   句中either...or... 表示从连接的两个部分中选择一个,neither...nor... 表示否定的增加,即把连接的两个部分都否定掉,与它相对应的是both...and...,如:
  People, both young and old, go out to enjoy themselves. 老的少的都出去玩得很开心。
  在我们把含有both...and... 的句子变为否定句时,不是在动词上作变化,而是用neither...nor...,如:
  Both Yangyang and I are excellent.否定句为:Neither Yangyang nor I am excellent.
  从意义上讲,上述三组连词加上原句里的结构,都是由两个连词连接两个部分,在句中连接的两个部分必须是对等的,即要连接主语都是主语,谓语都是谓语,宾语都是宾语等,在使用中,我们要着重注意它们连接主语时,谓语动词的数的表达。
  both...and... 自然是复数,而余下的三组则都以后一个连词连接的主语而定,即取就近原则,如:Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错,就是我错。
  Neither they nor she is right.既不是他们对,也不是她对。
  【链接中考】
  Gian Tara are studying Chinese history and culture now. They find them rich and amazing. (2012·吉林·44)
  A. Both; and
  B Not only; but also
  C Either; or
  D. Neither; nor
  【答案解析】 根据句意“Gian和Tara都在学习中国历史。他们觉得中国历史文化非常多彩。” both...and... 意为“……和……”; not only...but also... 意为“不但……而且……”递进关系;either...or... 意为“或者……或者……”,是选择性的;Neither... nor...意为“既不……也不……”,由系动词are可知:两人都在学中国历史和文化,故选A。
  【原句再现4】 What do you think about fights in action films, Kitty?基蒂,你觉得动作片里的打斗如何呀? (P93)
  Well, what do you think of our first suspect, Wang Gang? 王刚,你认为我们第一个嫌疑人怎样?(P111)
  【结构解析】 What do you think about...? 与What do you think of...? 都表示“你觉得……怎么样?”用于征求别人的意见、看法等,相同的还有:How do you like/find...? 如说:“你觉得我的毛衣如何?”可以有下列几种表达法:What do you think of/about my sweater? = How do you like/find my sweater?
  【拓展】 think构成的词组、句型
  think up想出,think over仔细考虑,think hard认真想,think of... as 认为……,以为……,I (dont) think so. 常用于对别人的观点、看法等表示赞同或反对,I (dont) think that.... 我(不)认为……当其后的宾语从句表示否定时,一般把否定词转移到前面,而不放在从句中,在口语中用来缓和否定语气,使说话者显得更客气,有礼貌。
  【链接中考】
  — I have a problem. I dont know what to do?
  — Lets ask Jack for help. He can a good idea to solve your problem.
  A. think up
  B give up
  C hang out
  D laugh at
  【答案解析】 根据句意“让我们向Jack求助吧,他能想出好主意”可知,答案选A。
  【巩固精练】
  Ⅰ 选择填空。
  ( )1. — You study hard youre sure to pass the exam.
  — Thank you for saying so.
  A. enough, to
  B as,as
  C so,that
  ( )2. Mr Green speaks very loudly all the people can hear him clearly.
  A. so that
  B when
  C because
  ( )3. Mr Smith comes form Australia, but he has worked in China for five years. So you can talk with him .
  A. either in English or in Chinese
  B not in Chinese but in English
  C. just in English, not in Chinese   There are fewer and fewer wild animals in the world. 世界上野生动物越来越少。
  ● 定冠词the 一般形容词最高级前要用the,副词可用可不用,但当形容词最高级在句子中仅作表语且不含比较时,或其前已有限定词(物主代词,名词所有格等)时,最高级前的the 可省略,如:Today is our busiest day. 比较级前一般不用the,但当比较级对方只有一方且句中含有“of the two ”时,比较级前需加the,如:Einstein is the slower of the two students.爱因斯坦是两个学生中较慢的那一个。
  当表示“越……越……”时,比较级前也用the,如:The more friends we make, the happier we will be. 交的朋友越多,我们就越快乐。
  ● than后的宾格及谓语 在比较级中,than 后用主格还是用宾格,主要取决于句中动词。当谓语动词是不及物动词时,两者都可;如是及物动词,则根据句子意思而定,如与主语比较,用主格;与宾语比较,用宾格。比较:Dandan likes me more than he. 丹丹比他更喜欢我。
  Dandan likes me more than him. 丹丹喜欢我甚于喜欢他。
  ● 修饰词 very,so,too及quite常用来修饰形容词、副词的原级等。比较级如需修饰则可用much,even,a little,still, a lot,many,a few等词。
  The tree is much taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵高了好多。
  【链接中考】
  — Do you know sound travels very fast?
  — Yes. But light travels sound. (2012·湖北荆州·30)
  A. as fast as
  B a little faster than
  C much faster than
  D. slower than
  【答案解析】 题意为:“—— 你知道声音传播的速度非常快吗?—— 是的。但是光传播的速度比声音快了许多。”比较级前可用much, even, a little等进行修饰,根据题意和常识,应选C。
  2 “请求、建议”
  【知识清单】 提“建议”、表“请求”是英语日常交际用语中较为常见的一种形式,到目前为止,我们学了不少有关此类的句型。
  ● 祈使句
  ① please祈使句: Come in, please. 请进。
  ② lets 祈使句: Lets go and have a picnic. 让我们去野餐吧。
  ③ 祈使句开头的反意疑问句:Dont do that again, will you? 别再做了,好不好?
  Lets have a talk, shall we?/ Let us have a talk, will you? 让我们谈一谈,好吗?
  ④ 一般祈使句:Help, help me! 救命,救命呀!
  Now, get your things ready and go to bed early.收拾好东西,早点睡吧。
  ● 疑问句
  ① shall, will, would, can等开头的一般疑问句
  Shall we/I...? 用于表示委婉提建议、征求对方意见,回答时不同的人可以有不同的回答形式,如:Good idea./ Thats a good idea./ OK./ All right./ Sure./ Of course./ Yes, please./ No, please dont.等等,如:
  — Shall I open the door? 我可以打开门吗?
  — Yes, please.好的。/No, please dont. 不。
  — Shall we go shopping this afternoon? 下午我们去购物好吗?
  — Good idea. 好主意。
  will和would常构成如下句型:Will you please...?Would you like...?和What would you like...?
  Will you please...? 后跟动词原形,表示“请你……好吗?” 常用于请人帮忙做某件事的场合。Will you please read it again more carefully?请你再仔细看一遍好吗?
  Would you like...? 表示“主动给予”或“邀请”或委婉地提出请求或建议,直接跟名词,其回答形式多为:Yes,please./Yes,a little, please. /Yes,just a few, please./No, thanks.
  — Would you like a cup of tea?请喝杯茶吧?— No, thank you. 不,谢谢。
  — What would you like, fables or short stories?寓言,故事,你喜欢哪一个?
  — Funny stories, please.滑稽的故事吧。
  跟不定式,其回答多为:Id love to/Id love to, but... 等。   到十岁时,他已经建起了自己的实验室。
  ② 时间状语从句型
  【链接中考】
  — Why was he late for school yesterday?
  — He overslept. By the time he got to the bus stop, the bus already . (2012·湖北襄阳·36)
  A. was, leaving
  B has, left
  C would, leave
  D had, left
  【答案解析】 根据时间状语从句By the time he got to the bus stop可知表示“过去的过去”发生的事情,要用过去完成时态,故选D。
  ◆ 主语 过去完成时 when引导的从句(从句谓语动词为过去式)。例如:
  【链接中考】 Simon was surprised that most of the guests when he at the party. (2008·泰安)
  A. left; had arrived
  B left; arrived
  C had left; had arrived
  D had left; arrived
  【答案解析】 正确答案为D。因为guests先“离开”,用过去完成时,Simon后“到达”,用一般过去时。
  ◆ 主语 过去完成时 before引导的从句(从句谓语动词为过去式)。例如:
  He had studied English for five years before he came here.
  来这儿之前,他已经学过五年英语了。
  ③ 语境型
  ◆ 根据上下文的时间关系来确定。
  【链接中考】
  The pen I is on my desk, right under my nose.
  A. think; lost
  B thought; had lost
  C think; had lost
  D thought; have lost
  【简析】 正确答案为B。 根据上下文的时间关系,可知“丢笔”是在“认为”之前发生的动作。
  【链接中考】
  Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home. (2009· 安化)
  A. has left; comes
  B left; had come
  C had left; came
  D had left; would come
  【答案解析】 正确答案为C。had to wait说明事情发生在过去,而“忘带钥匙”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。
  ◆ 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图,用过去完成时。常用动词有:hope, think, expect, intend, mean, suppose, want等。例如:
  They had wanted to help us but couldnt get here in time.
  他们本来是要来给我们帮忙的,但未能及时赶到。
  第三、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
  一般过去时表示“现在”以前的某一时间内发生的动作或情况; 过去完成时则表示过去某一时间或某一动作以前发生的动作或情况。试比较:
  No. 1 上个月他们看了五部英文电影。
  [误] They had seen five English films last month.
  [正] They saw five English films last month.
  No. 2 到去年年底他们村建造了多少房屋?
  [误] How many houses did they build in their village by the end of last year?
  [正] How many houses had they built in their village by the end of last year?
  【简析】 last month说明动作在过去时间内完成,因此句1应当使用一般过去时;by the end of last year表示动作在过去时间“以前”完成,因此句2用过去完成时。如能弄清这些时间关系就可以正确使用过去完成时。
  第四、不用过去完成时的几种情况
  ◆ 句中如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如:
  They came to China ten years ago.
  他们十年前来到中国。
  ◆ 汉语中虽然有“了”“曾”“过”等字眼表示动作完成,但没有说明动作是过去某一时间以前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不可以用过去完成时。例如:
  He taught English for three years.
  他教过三年英语。
  ◆ 叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,仍用一般过去时。例如:
  They decided to stay there, so they built their homes and made their farms.
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