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在目前海洋溢油的事故处理中,大规模使用分散剂往往作为应急机制之一。分散剂作用后原油的物理化学性质会发生很大变化,进而对溢油在海洋中的归趋行为产生一系列的影响。本文综合分析了分散剂在溢油处理中的积极作用和局限性:分散剂使溢油在海水中乳化分散,体系混乱度增加,物理迁移过程更加复杂多变;乳化的油滴物理和光学性质发生改变,其中的石油烃组分更加易于发生光化学转化;分散剂会对溢油的生物降解产生影响,但具体是促进还是抑制目前仍然存在争议;化学分散剂存在一定的生物毒性,与溢油结合后毒性增加,环保型的生物表面活性剂是化学分散剂的有效替代。开展分散剂作用后的溢油的物理迁移模型的构建、综合准确评价分散剂对溢油的光化学转化和生物降解的影响为它的合理使用和正确评估提供参考是当前亟待解决的工作。此外,开发廉价的环保型生物分散剂也是未来的重要研究方向。
In the current accidental treatment of marine oil spills, large-scale use of dispersants is often one of the contingency mechanisms. The physical and chemical properties of the crude oil will change greatly after the dispersant acts, which will have a series of effects on the fate of the oil in the ocean. In this paper, the positive effects and limitations of dispersant in oil spill treatment are comprehensively analyzed. Dispersants emulsify and disperse spilled oil in seawater, the chaos of the system is increased, and the physical migration process is more complicated and changeable. The physical and optical properties of emulsified oil droplets Which is more likely to undergo photochemical conversion of petroleum hydrocarbon components; dispersants will have an impact on the biodegradation of oil spills, but the specific promotion or inhibition is still controversial; chemical dispersants have some biological toxicity, and oil spills After the combination of increased toxicity, environmentally friendly biosurfactant is an effective alternative to chemical dispersants. It is an urgent task to construct a physical migration model of oil spill after dispersant and evaluate the influence of dispersant on the photochemical conversion and biodegradation of oil spill for its rational use and correct evaluation. In addition, the development of environmentally friendly low-cost bio-dispersant is also an important research direction in the future.