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本文将探讨《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》(CISG)所规定的免责条款,并研究适用CISG第79条履行障碍的有关案例。本文要研究的问题是,是否第79条“履行障碍”一词涵盖情事变更、履行不实际以及艰难情形?抑或,其仅限于履行不能、不可抗力等“绝对”免责?文章在简要阐述德国法、美国法以及国际统一私法协会(UNIDROIT)《国际商事合同通则》(PICC)、《欧洲合同法通则》(PECL)的免责规定基础上,详尽分析了一系列适用CISG的案例,借以明晰第79条所提及和未提及的概念和问题,例如,“控制范围”和“风险分配”的重要性,利用“意外事件”来判定是否构成履行障碍,是否交付不符货物也构成履行障碍免责事由,以及基于给予免责目的,某一事件是否可以是可预见但却未预见(foreseeable and yet not foreseen)的。
This article examines the exclusion clauses under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and looks at relevant cases of obstacles to the application of Article 79 CISG. The question to be studied in this article is whether Article 79 “obstacles to performance” covers changes of circumstances, impracticality or hardship, or is it limited to non-fulfillment, force majeure, etc. “Absolutely” Based on the German and American law as well as the UNIDROIT General Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) and the European Convention on the Prohibition of Contract Law (PECL), we have exhaustively analyzed a series of CISG-related cases by which Clarify the concepts and issues mentioned and not mentioned in Article 79, for example, the importance of “controlling scope” and “risk allocation”, using “contingencies” to determine whether they constitute obstacles to performance and whether or not Delivering non-conforming goods also constitutes an exemption from the performance barrier, and whether an event can be foreseeable and yet not foreseen for the purpose of giving exemption.