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全世界约有6千万妇女使用各种类型IUD避孕,中国有4千万妇女使用,占世界约70%。中国常用的是惰性不锈钢圆环,但在其他发展中国家最常用的是Lippes曲。现代IUD已研究和使用了20年,但其避孕的详尽机制尚未明瞭。所有IUD都刺激子宫引致炎症反应和子宫内膜及宫腔液发生细胞和生化变化,而这些变化是避孕作用所必需的。异物(IUD)也刺激局部产生前列腺素类化合物,影响受精卵着床。含药IUD产生另一种局部避孕作用:铜影响子宫中的酶、子宫内膜细胞中DNA量、子宫粘膜的糖元代谢和雌激素的吸收,但这些变化与避孕的关系尚未明瞭。铜可能增强子宫炎症反应和子宫肌层收缩而影响着床,也可能改变宫颈粘液的生化成分影响精子活动力、获能和存活;释放激素IUD增加宫颈粘液的粘稠度阻止精子进入宫颈,
About 60 million women in the world use various forms of IUD contraception, 40 million in China and about 70% in the world. Inert stainless steel rings are commonly used in China, but Lippes are most commonly used in other developing countries. The modern IUD has been researched and used for 20 years, but the exact mechanism of contraception is unclear. All IUDs stimulate the uterus to cause inflammatory reactions and cellular and biochemical changes in the endometrium and uterine fluid that are necessary for contraception. Foreign body (IUD) also stimulates the local production of prostaglandin compounds, affect fertilized egg implantation. Drug-containing IUDs produce another local contraceptive effect: copper affects enzymes in the uterus, amount of DNA in endometrial cells, glycometabolism of uterine mucosa, and estrogen uptake, but the relationship of these changes with contraception is unclear. Copper may enhance uterine inflammation and myometrial contraction affect the bed, may also change the biochemical composition of cervical mucus affect sperm motility, capacitation and survival; release of hormone IUD increase the viscosity of cervical mucus to prevent sperm into the cervix,