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PD-1/PD-Ls通路是CD28/B7家族的新成员，除了由程序性细胞死亡受体-1(programmed death 1，PD-1)及程序性死亡受体-配体1(programmed death-ligand，PD-L1)(B7-H1, CD274)和PD-L2(B7-DC, CD273)组成外，还有可溶型PD-1(soluble PD-1，sPD-1)和可溶型PD-L1(soluble PD-L1，sPD-L1)的存在形式。这就使得PD-1/PD-Ls通路在组成和功能上更具有多样性和复杂性。PD-1/PD-Ls通路表达广泛，在T细胞活化和耐受中发挥广泛的免疫调节作用。研究表明，PD-1/PD-Ls通路参与诱导和维持外周免疫耐受，在免疫性肾病及非免疫因素性肾病中也发挥重要作用。现就PD-1/PD-Ls通路的组成、功能以及在肾脏疾病中的作用进行综述。“,”PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is a new member of CD28/B7 family. In addition to programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands(PD-L1) (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC, CD273), there are also soluble PD-1(sPD-1) and soluble PD-L1(sPD-L1). This makes PD-1/PD-Ls pathway more diverse and complex in composition and function. The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is widely expressed and plays a broad immunoregulatory role in T-cell activation and tolerance. Studies show that the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is involved in the induction and maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance, and plays an important role in kidney diseases. In this review, we will summarize the composition, function and the role of PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in kidney diseases.