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高等动物都有一个识别异体物质(如细菌、病毒等等),并与之发生特异性反应的系统,由于它是在血液中进行的,所以称为体液免疫。已经证明,和异体物质发生特异性反应的是血清中的一系列球蛋白,称之为抗体。能刺激机体产生抗体的物质叫抗原。一般来讲,分子量在一万道尔顿以上的蛋白质、脂类或其它不同于机体本身所存在的大分子都可以作抗原,甚至象青霉素、核苷酸等虽然直接注射到机体中一般都不能产生抗体,但只要和一个适合的大分子连接起来,也可以刺激机体产生抗体,这类抗原称为半抗原。可见抗原的种类和机体可以产生的抗体种类都应该是天文学数字的。
Higher animals have a system that recognizes and interacts specifically with foreign substances (such as bacteria, viruses, etc.) and is called humoral immunity because it is in the bloodstream. It has been shown that the specific reaction of allogeneic substances is a series of globulin in serum, called antibody. Can stimulate the body to produce antibodies called antigens. Generally speaking, proteins, lipids or other macromolecules with molecular weight above 10,000 Dalton can be used as antigens, even penicillins, nucleotides and the like can not be directly injected into the body Antibody production, but as long as the connection with a suitable macromolecule, can also stimulate the body to produce antibodies, such antigens called haptens. Shows the type of antigen and the body can produce the type of antibody should be astronomical figures.