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Background Aortic dissection(AD) is a life-threatening surgical emergency.Total arch replacement combined with stent trunk has gradually become the standard procedure for DeBakey type Ⅰ AD in China,but the complication and mortality rates are still relatively high due to surgical technical difficulties and complexity.Inprinciple,AD should be treated with emergency surgery once the diagnosis is confirmed,but the operation time varies greatly in China due to the restriction of medical conditions.Therefore,analyzing and comparing the surgical mortality and complications rate between acute and chronic phase may facilitate the clinicians to comprehensively evaluate the patient’s condition,and thus select an appropriate operation timing.Methods A total of 330 DeBakey type Ⅰ AD patients admitted and treated with total arch replacement combined with stent trunk procedure in Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute from Jan 2010 to Jan 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.According to whether the onset was longer than 2w,patients were divided into acute phase group and chronic phase group.There were 231 cases in acute phase group (≤ 2w),and the average length from onset to operation was 5.6 ± 3.8 d;while 99 cases in chronic phase group(＞ 2w),and the average length from onset to operation was 20.6 ± 14.7 d.Results The total mortality rate was 13％.Acute renal failure,neurological dysfunction,and wound healing were the major complications after operation.The in-hospital morality rate was 16.0％ (37/231) in the acute group,while 6.1％ (6/99) in the chronic group.The surgical data of the ratio of CABG,cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) time,aortic cross clamp time,intra-operative RBC infusion were significant higher in the acute phase group(P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative data of ICU stay,mechanical ventilation time,the incidences of neurological dysfunction,CRRT-dependent acute renal failure,hepatic insufficiency,and poor wound healing were significant higher in the acute phase group(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The total arch replacement combined with stent trunk for DeBakey type Ⅰ aortic dissection is safe and effective.Patients in the acute phase show higher postoperative mortality and complications.The acute phase is associated with relatively higher risk of surgical treatment.