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人类的身体黏膜表面定植了多样化的微生物群落，它们存在于胃肠道、皮肤、口腔和泌尿生殖道，同样也存在于过去认为无菌的解剖部位——肺。微生物组与黏膜免疫系统相互作用以维持机体内稳态，被称为人类的“第二基因库”，对人类健康至关重要。人类的下气道内分布着多种微生物，微生物组构成的失衡可能与多种肺部疾病的发生密切相关，而肺癌的微生物组研究目前仍处于起步阶段，本文主要综述了肺微生物组构成的特征及其与疾病(尤其是肺癌)的相关性的研究进展，为人肺微生物组与肺癌相关性的进一步研究提供一定依据。“,”The mucosal surfaces of the human body are typically colonized by polymicrobial communities, they exist in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, oral cavity, and genitourinary tract, as well as in anatomical sites previously considered sterile, including the lung. These communities interact with the mucosal immune system to maintain homeostasis in health, emphasizing the important role of “ second genome” , which is very important to human health. The human lower respiratory tract also harbor many microbes, the imbalance of microbiome composition maybe critically related with many lung disease. Up to date, researches on microbiome of lung caner is still on the first step. Our review mainly describes the characteristic composition of lung microbiome, and the relationship with diseases, especially with lung cancer. We attempts to provide the basis information for further researches about the relationship between human lung microbiome and lung cancer.