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有效的免疫接种意味着有免疫原性和保护性的特异抗原决定簇的参与,也包括有非特异性免疫增强成分在内。Arnon(1971年)观察到抗合成肽的抗体能够识别天然蛋白之后,近来人们对发展人工疫苗作了许多尝试。这些疫苗含有合成的抗原,配以适当载体与佐剂使用。尽管弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)极为有效,但不能考虑用于临床。1974年合成了细菌细胞壁的活性亚单位胞壁酰二肽(MDP),可代替FCA中的分枝杆菌。
Effective immunization means the involvement of specific antigenic determinants that are both immunogenic and protective, as well as nonspecific immune enhancing components. Arnon (1971) After observing that anti-synthetic peptide antibodies recognize natural proteins, many attempts have been made recently to develop artificial vaccines. These vaccines contain synthetic antigens, with appropriate carriers and adjuvants. Although Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) is extremely effective, it can not be considered for clinical use. In 1974, the active subunit muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a bacterial cell wall, was synthesized to replace mycobacteria in FCA.