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“肺与大肠相表里”是传统中医学理论之一，古人发现了肺与大肠之间的特定联系，通过阴阳学说、经脉络属构建了“肺与大肠相表里”理论，该理论有现代医学的科学性。从20世纪80年代初急诊医学界首次开展肠道与急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的研究以来，“肺与大肠相表里”理论在急危重症领域展现出了其重要的意义。本文从胚胎早期发育方面分析了肺与大肠的一致性，在脓毒症中通过肠道菌群移位学说解释了肺与大肠是存在紧密联系的，并针对肠道与肺具有相同辅助性T细胞17（Th17）的免疫调节机制，以及可能的免疫应答分子机制进行了综述，以期为广大临床医师关于“肺与大肠相表里”传统理论提供进一步的探索与思考。“,”The “exterior-interior relationship between lung and large intestine” is one of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, which is scientific in modern medicine. The ancients discovered the specific connection between the lung and large intestine, and constructed the theory of “exterior-interior relationship between lung and large intestine” through the Yin-Yang theory and the meridian attachment. The theory of “exterior-interior relationship between lung and large intestine” has been of great significance in the critical care field since the first study on intestinal tract and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was carried out in the emergency medicine in 1980s. This article analyzes the consistence of lung and large intestine in early embryonic development, explains the close connection between the lung and large intestine through the intestinal flora translocation theory in sepsis, and reviews the immunoregulation mechanism of helper T cell 17 (Th17) in intestine and lung, and the possible molecular mechanism of immune response, so as to provide physicians with further exploration of the traditional theory of “exterior-interior relationship between lung and the large intestine”.