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十月革命前,俄国存在两大革命政党——俄国社会民主工党和社会革命党,布尔什维克与孟什维克共处于一党之内。二月革命后,布尔什维克才成为独立的政党,它与左派社会革命党人合作取得武装起义的胜利,此后两者继续合作,组织新政权,左派社会革命党人参加了苏维埃中央执行委员会,人民委员会也给他们留有席位。因同德国签订布列斯特和约问题上的分歧,左派社会革命党人中止同布尔什维克政权的合作,但社会革命党和孟什维克党继续合法或半合法地参加苏维埃政权的活动。内战结束后,列宁曾经考虑让社会革命党和孟什维克党合法化,但没有能够付诸实施。1922年举行的对社会革命党人的审判,最终结束了实际存在的多党制,实行一党执政。
Before the October Revolution, Russia had two major revolutionary parties, the Socialist Labor Party of Russia and the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks were in one party. After the February Revolution, the Bolsheviks became an independent political party that, in cooperation with the left Socialist-Revolutionaries, won the armed uprising. Thereafter, the two continued to cooperate and organize the new regime. The left Socialist-Revolutionaries took part in the Soviet Central Executive Committee, the People’s Committee Also give them a seat. Because of disagreements with Germany on the Brest Treaty of Peace, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries suspended their cooperation with the Bolshevik regime, but the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties continued to participate legally or semi-legally in the activities of the Soviet government. After the civil war ended, Lenin once considered legitimizing the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties but failed to put them into effect. The trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries held in 1922 culminated in the de facto existence of a multi-party system and the implementation of one-party rule.