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1994年4月15日,是国际贸易有史以来最辉煌的一日。在这一天,来自大约120个国家的部长们在马拉喀什签署了乌拉圭回合谈判的最后文件。据关贸总协定的有关报告称,该协议将使国际贸易额每年增加7550亿美元,使全世界在2005年前净增2350亿美元的福利费用。我们可以暂且不问这些预测数值是否准确,但有一点可以肯定,在乌拉圭回合一揽子协议中,由于松动了与贸易有关的国际直接投资措施,必将促进国际贸易的发展。 一、松动与贸易有关的投资措施是公平贸易原则的内在要求 公平贸易原则是关贸总协定诸多原则中的基本一条。其主要内容就是反对倾销和出口补贴。通过几十年的实践,特别是随着国际直接投资规模的不断扩大,人们感到,要想在关贸总协定的框架内贯彻公平贸易原则,那就不仅需要对贸易领域的扭曲行为进行校正,而且也需要对扭曲贸易的投资措施进行校正,那么究竟哪些与贸易有关的投资措施是具有不利于公平贸易的影响呢?从整个乌拉圭回合谈判过程来看,发达国家认为有数种投资措施与贸易有关,并被认为是具有不利于贸易影响的投资行为。这些措施包括: (1)当地含量要求(local content)。即东道国政府要求外国投资者在其生产的最终产品中必须含有一定比例或数量的
April 15, 1994 is the most glorious day in the history of international trade. On this day, ministers from about 120 countries signed the final document of the Uruguay Round negotiations in Marrakech. According to the relevant report of the GATT, the agreement will increase the amount of international trade by 755 billion U.S. dollars a year, making the world add a net benefit of 235 billion U.S. dollars before 2005. We can temporarily ignore the accuracy of these predictions, but one thing is certain that in the Uruguay Round package agreement, the loosening of trade-related international direct investment measures will certainly promote the development of international trade. I. Loosening trade-related investment measures is an inherent requirement of the fair trade principle The fair trade principle is one of the many principles of the GATT. Its main content is to oppose dumping and export subsidies. Through decades of practice, especially with the continuous expansion of international direct investment, people feel that if they want to implement fair trade principles within the framework of the GATT, they will not only need to correct distortions in the trade field. Moreover, trade-distorting investment measures need to be adjusted. Then what trade-related investment measures are unfavorable to fair trade? From the perspective of the Uruguay Round negotiations, developed countries believe that there are several investment measures related to trade. , and is considered to have an investment behavior that is detrimental to trade influence. These measures include: (1) Local content. That is, the host government requires that foreign investors must have a certain percentage or amount of the final product they produce.