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目的了解西安市乡镇企业职业病防治的现状,探讨存在的问题与对策。方法采用对乡镇企业作业人员全面和重点相结合的职业病调查方式。结果 2004-2007年,共调查385个乡镇企业的职业病危害因素。职业病危害因素的种类主要以粉尘、有机溶剂、噪声、铅等重金属为主,其中粉尘作业厂矿占39.4%,噪声作业厂矿占53.2%,有机溶剂作业厂矿占4.7%,铅等重金属作业厂矿占1.5%。接触有害作业工人8 825人,其中粉尘作业人员占总调查人员50.7%。重点检测40个乡镇企业,384个作业点,结果显示矽尘作业点超标率90.9%,苯超标率61.9%,矽尘最高超标高达100.4倍;苯最高超标271.2倍。结论西安市乡镇企业职业病防治形势严峻,目前基本处于职业病防治的“真空”状态,均未开展建设项目职业卫生“三同时”工作,职业病危害现场检测评价、职业健康体检率低,职业病监管机制尚未形成。政府必须加大职业卫生的监督力度,理顺职业卫生监督和技术服务模式,健全和完善职业病防治体系。
Objective To understand the status quo of occupational disease prevention and control in township enterprises in Xi’an and explore the existing problems and countermeasures. Methods A comprehensive and focused survey of occupational diseases in township and village enterprises was adopted. Results From 2004 to 2007, 385 township and village enterprises were investigated for occupational hazards. The main types of occupational hazards are mainly dust, organic solvents, noise and heavy metals such as lead, among which 39.4% are dusting factories, 53.2% are noise factories, 4.7% are organic solvent factories and 1.5% are heavy metal factories such as lead %. 8 825 were exposed to harmful working workers, of whom 50.7% of the total investigators were dust workers. Focuses on testing 40 township enterprises, 384 operating points, the results show that 90.9% exceeded the rate of silica dust point of operation, benzene exceeded the standard rate of 61.9%, up to 100.4 times the highest level of silica dust; benzene exceeded 271.2 times the highest standard. Conclusion The situation of occupational disease prevention and control in township and village enterprises in Xi’an is very serious. At present, most of them are in “vacuum” state of occupational disease prevention and control. All of them fail to carry out the occupational health “three simultaneous” work in the construction project, field test and evaluation of occupational hazards, low occupational health examination rate, Occupational disease regulatory mechanism has not yet formed. The government must increase the supervision of occupational health, straighten out the occupational health supervision and technical service mode, and improve and perfect the occupational disease prevention and control system.