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正常尿液清澈而色黄,可因血尿、血红蛋白尿、肌红蛋白尿、卟啉病而变色。红色或粉红色的尿可因食物如甜菜、黑莓、泻药中的酚酞而引起。间质性肾炎、镰状细胞性肾炎和慢性肾盂肾炎最早的症状之一是尿浓缩能力减退。禁饮一夜之后,即使2个月以上的小儿其尿也可浓缩到900mosm/L以上(比重>1.017)。用10ml尿离心沉淀,取沉淀尿0.5ml作显微镜检查,正常时红细胞<3个/HP,自细胞<5个/HP。结晶过多提示肾石形成或间质性肾炎的可能。结晶(尿酸盐、胱胺酸、草酸盐、黄嘌呤)主要在酸性尿中沉淀,磷酸钙和三磷酸钙在碱性尿中结晶。因变形杆菌可将尿素分解为氨而使尿液变成碱性,故碱性尿有可能有变形杆菌感染。尿PH值也为诊断提供线索。碱性尿(PH>6.5)与肾小管性酸中毒(Ⅰ型、远端性)、低枸椽酸尿
Normal urine is clear and yellow, can be due to hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyria and discoloration. Red or pink urine can be caused by foods such as beet, blackberry and laxative phenolphthalein. One of the earliest symptoms of interstitial nephritis, sickle cell nephritis, and chronic pyelonephritis is diminished urine concentration. After a one-night forbidden drink, children’s urine more than 2 months can be concentrated to more than 900 mosm / L (specific gravity> 1.017). Centrifuge with 10ml of urine sediment, urine sediment 0.5ml for microscopic examination, normal red blood cells <3 / HP, since the cells <5 / HP. Crystallization prompts the possibility of kidney stone formation or interstitial nephritis. Crystals (urate, cystine, oxalate, xanthine) are mainly precipitated in acidic urine, and calcium phosphate and calcium triphosphate crystallize in alkaline urine. Proteus can be due to proteolytic decomposition of ammonia and urine become alkaline, so there may be alkaline urine Proteus infection. Urine pH also provides clues for diagnosis. Alkaline urine (PH> 6.5) and renal tubular acidosis (type I, distal), low citrate urine