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19世纪末在液态空气工业上发展起来的,随着科学技术的进步,在近30年中得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。低温压力容器是低温工业过程的关键设备,我国压力容器规范多年来习惯把小于或等于-20℃作为低温界线,低温脆断是在没有预兆的情况下突然发生的,危害性很大,因此在选材、试验方法和制造等方面均要采取措施,防止低温脆断事故发生。铝及铝合金、钛及钛合金、铜及铜合金、镍及镍合金和奥氏体不锈钢等制低温压力容器则没有低温脆断的情况。对于深低温条件下运行的容器,应有良好的低温绝热结构和密封结构。
Developed in the liquid air industry at the end of the 19th century, with the progress of science and technology, it has been rapidly developed and widely used in the past 30 years. Cryogenic pressure vessel is the key equipment for industrial process at low temperature. For many years, China’s pressure vessel code has been accustomed to lower than or equal to -20 ℃ as a low-temperature boundary. Low-temperature brittle fracture occurs suddenly without warning, so it is very harmful. Material selection, test methods and manufacturing should take measures to prevent the occurrence of low temperature brittle fracture. Low-temperature pressure vessels such as aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, and austenitic stainless steels are not brittle at low temperatures. For containers operating at cryogenic temperatures, there should be a good low temperature insulation structure and a sealed structure.