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Diabetic nephropathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes, and it is one of the most common causes of the development of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. MicroRNA is a kind of non-coding single-stranded small molecule RNA, and miRNA-192 is highly expressed in the kidney and plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. This article reviews the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the mechanism of action of miRNA-192, and the treatment progress of diabetic nephropathy in order to provide new clues for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.