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矿产资源生态补偿是湖北省实现矿产资源产业可持续发展的重要手段。通过将新制度经济学和矿产资源生态补偿的理论和思路耦合，进行产权分析，明晰当前矿产生态补偿现状，发现当前税费政策的产权含义存在交集，提出矿产环境生态补偿作为补充，同时指出当前湖北省磷矿资源生态补偿的实践中存在资源浪费、产权不清和空白以及政策冗杂等问题。文章以新制度经济学的思想为指导，提出以下政策建议：(1)明晰生态补偿内涵，完善补偿机制；(2)精简补偿政策；(3)推进磷矿产权、固态废弃物产权和环境产权的界定以及市场建设；(4)建立合理的委托-代理关系，加强监管机制。,The ecological compensation for mineral resources development is an important means that can realize the sustainable development of mineral resources industry in Hubei province. Through coupling new institutional economics with the theory and idea of ecological compensation for mineral resource development, analyzing property rights, making the current situation of mineral resources ecological compensation clear, there is an overlap emerged in the meaning of property rights pertaining to tax policy. In light of this, ecological compensation for mining environments is presented as a supplement. At the same time, this paper points out that resources wasted, unclear and blank property rights, and miscellaneous policy have been the constituents of the problems that Hubei province face in the practice of ecological compensation for phosphorus resources. Guided by the ideas of new institutional economics, suggestions are listed in the following: clarifying the connotation of ecological compensation and improving the compensation system; streamlining the compensation policy; promoting the deifnition of phosphate rock property, solid waste property, and environmental property rights; accelerating market construction; establishing right principal-agent relation; and strengthening monitoring mechanism.