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唯名论和实在论之间的较量在整个哲学史上占据着重要地位。由于贝克莱、休谟和康德等人的工作,唯名论在哲学上一直处于主导地位。然而,当唯名论进入语言分析后,在处理不同语境的句子的联合这个存在论的基本问题时,给出了无数的讨论,但仍然无法给出让人接受的解决办法。于是,人们另辟新径、提出了偶态分析。美国哲学家普兰廷伽的偶态分析相当完整地解决了唯名论语言分析所遇到的问题。有意思的是,为了说明全部可能世界的存在意义,普兰廷伽不得不引进基督教的全知上帝概念。把普兰廷伽的偶态观念运用在认识论上,隐含着对恩典概念的引进。我们发现,恩典概念是可操作的,而且对存在论讨论是必要的。
The contest between nominalism and realism occupies an important position in the history of philosophy. Nominalism has always been philosophically dominated by the work of Berkeley, Hume, and Kant. However, when nominalism came into linguistic analysis, innumerable discussions were given in dealing with the basic problem of the ontology of the union of sentences in different contexts, yet no solution was acceptable. As a result, people opened up new paths and proposed the analysis of the occasional state. The analysis by the American philosopher Plantanthem is a fairly complete solution to the problems encountered in nominalism language analysis. Interestingly, Plantinga had to introduce the concept of the omniscient God of Christianity in order to illustrate the existence of all possible worlds. Applying the concept of the concept of the idiom of Plantinga to epistemology implies the introduction of the concept of grace. We find that the notion of grace is actionable and that it is necessary for an ontological discussion.