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雷蒙·威廉斯是伯明翰学派的奠基人之一,也是电视研究第一本理论专著《电视:科技与文化形式》的作者。电视效果研究从发端就是以实证研究的方法风靡于学界,作为西方马克思主义者,威廉斯以其犀利的批判精神对实证研究提出质疑与反对,并认为电视效果研究必须将电视放入历史与社会的宏大背景中,才是真正的电视效果研究。按照这样的学术逻辑,威廉斯发现电视产生的效果实质上是出乎电视控制者的预期的。
Raymond Williams, one of the founders of the Birmingham School, is also the author of the first televised theory titled Television: The Science and Culture. As a western Marxist, Williams has challenged and opposed the empirical research with its sharp criticism from the beginning. The study of television effect must put television into history and society The grand background, is the real TV effect research. According to this academic logic, Williams found that the effect of television was essentially beyond the expectations of television controllers.