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把各种因素①进行分类,并且从数量上对它们进行计量,这在确定提高生产效果的主要方向中具有重大的意义。企业经济活动效果的一切现象和进程是互相渗透、互相制约的,它们中的一些因素互相直接联系着,另一些因素则通过一系列间接环节间接地联系着。每一种现象,既可能是原因,又可能是结果。由于这个理由,弗·恩格斯写道:“原因和结果这两个观念,只有在应用于个别场合时才有其本来的意义;……原因和结果经常交换位置;在此时或此地是结果,在彼时或彼地就成了原因,反之亦然。”②例如,劳动生产率既可看作是产品生产数量和产
Classifying the various factors 1 and measuring them quantitatively is of great significance in determining the main direction of improving the production effect. All phenomena and processes of corporate economic activities are interpenetrating and restricting each other. Some of them are directly related to each other, while others are indirectly linked through a series of indirect links. Each phenomenon may be both a cause and a result. For this reason, F. Engels wrote: “The two concepts of cause and effect have their original meaning only when applied to individual occasions. ... Causes and results often exchange positions. At this time or place, it is the result. At that time or on the other side, it became a reason, and vice versa.” 2 For example, labor productivity can be regarded as both product quantity and production.