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一、研究与开发(R&D)及其 R&D 支出费用研究开发活动(R&D)是跨国公司为了确保全球性技术优势,所进行的科学技术研究创新活动。跨国公司凭借其雄厚实力,支出巨额的 R&D 费用,进行技术创新活动。技术创新主要集中于先进的工业化国家,而在先进国家,大多数又集中于跨国公司,少数跨国公司主导着工业化国家的 R&D 活动。例如在美国总计41000多家公司中,其中50家大型跨国公司在1996年就拥有其工业 R&D 的一半左右。而且技术竞争的加剧也导致领先公司的地位在不断下降,1996年的 R&D主导公司中,有1/3都是后来居上。在发达的工业化小国,R&D 集中水平更高,比如在瑞士,仅3家公司
Research and Development (R & D) and Its R & D Expenditure Research and Development (R & D) activities are scientific and technological research and innovation activities conducted by multinational corporations to ensure global technological superiority. Multinational corporations rely on their solid strength, spending huge R & D costs, technological innovation activities. Technological innovations are mainly concentrated in advanced industrialized countries. In advanced countries, most are concentrated in multinational corporations and a few multinational corporations dominate R & D activities in industrialized countries. For example, out of a total of more than 41,000 U.S. companies, 50 of them are large multinational corporations that owned about half of their industrial R & D in 1996. And the intensification of technological competition has also led to the declining position of leading companies, with one-third of all R & D-dominant companies in 1996 coming from behind. In developed industrialized countries, R & D concentration is higher, for example in Switzerland, only 3 companies