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The development of optical microscopy techniques has provided major insights into the machinery of life,from molecules to cells to tissues and organs.Fluorescent techniques have been particularly successful in this respect by elucidating biological pathways and helping us understand the complex relationships that underpin all living organisms.For example,the first use of fluorescence as an analytical tool in 18641 paved the way for the study of biological entities and interactions,but it was not until nearly 60 years later,in the 1930s,that fluorophores were first employed to perform biological investigations into specific tissue components and bacteria that do not autofluoresce2.These advances led to the first labeling of an antibody with a visible label in 19413,which gave birth to the field of immunofluorescence and allowed us obtain unprecedented insight into antibody structure.