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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and trend of syphilis in Akesu from 2008 to 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention of syphilis transmission. Methods The data of syphilis cases were collected from the disease surveillance information reporting system between 2008 and 2017 and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method. Results The reported syphilis incidence decreased from 67/105 in 2008 to 200/105 in 2017, and the highest incidence rate was in 2015. The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the cases declined, while that of latent syphilis increased. To the majority of the latent syphilis of hidden syphilis, The incidence rate went up to 20.9/105 in 2008 from 190.8/105 in 2017. Wushen, Awati, Shaya county ranked the top three incidence rates of syphilis in the region. There is a growing trend of the average male/female ratio, increased from 0.92:1 in 2008 to 1.18:1 in 2017. The cases of syphilis were mainly over the age of 50 years group, accounting for 64.3%. The majority population of syphilis included farmers, housewife, unemployed, accounting for 77.37%. Conclusions The incidence rate of syphilis in Akesu region from 2008 to 2017 increased rapidly, especially farmers and older patients, and hence, the control situation was still very grim. We should take appropriate control measures actively to control the prevalence of syphilis.