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较系统回顾了国内外有关森林资源产权的理论、公益林管理制度与实践以及已租赁集体林林权改革的有关文献,对公益林及已租赁集体林林权改革的政策进行了评述。休谟最早关注森林与环境问题,庇古用外部性理论进行解释,科斯基于产权理论提出环境税及补贴;西方学者沿着科斯产权思路围绕公共森林资源管理进行了一系列研究,对私有林的研究也形成了完善的理论体系和方法体系。研究表明,发达国家非常重视森林资源的管理,把公益林看成是公共产品,管理制度较完善;对私有林的管理主要由工业厂商、股份公司、合作公司、承租公司等租赁或承包经营。国内公益林政策实践层面的相关政策出台于1986年,已租赁集体林的管理实践在各省及地区层面形式多样。研究发现,国内学者对公益林问题的研究主要从产权制度改革方向及产权结构完善两方面展开,但尚缺一个完善的研究平台,主要是缺少对国外林权改革理论研究追踪,同时还缺乏对生态公益林产权改革应用理论的探讨;已租赁的集体林林权改革仍面临改革方向与路径的困扰。
This paper systematically reviews the domestic and foreign theories on the property rights of forest resources, the management system and practice of public welfare forests and the relevant documents on the reform of collective owned forest rights, and reviews the policies on the reform of public welfare forests and collective forest tenants. Hume first paid attention to the issue of forest and environment, Pigou explained the theory of externality, and Kos proposed environmental tax and subsidy based on the theory of property rights. Western scholars carried out a series of researches on the management of public forest resources along the line of Kos property rights, Also formed a sound theoretical system and method system. The research shows that the developed countries attach great importance to the management of forest resources, regard public welfare forests as public goods, and improve the management system. The management of privately owned forests is mainly leased or contracted by industrial firms, joint-stock companies, cooperative companies and leasing companies. Relevant policies on the level of public welfare forest policies in China were introduced in 1986, and the management practice of leased collective forests has various forms in all provinces and regions. The study found that domestic scholars on the research of public welfare forest mainly from two aspects of the reform of property rights system and the improvement of property rights structure, but there is a lack of a sound research platform, mainly lacking in the follow-up of theoretical research on foreign forest rights reform, Discussion on the Application Theory of Property Rights Reform of Ecological Public Welfare Forest; The Reform of Leased Collective Forest Property Rights Reform still faces the problems of reform direction and path.