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为研究不同耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,选择常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式和75(N1)、150(N2)、225(N3)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N4)4个氮肥水平,在典型的西北旱作雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站设计大田试验。结果表明,耕作方式和氮肥水平对小麦蛋白质及其组分含量、湿面筋、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量均有显著或极显著影响。与CT相比,PM显著提高了谷蛋白含量和谷醇比,延长了面团稳定时间,有利于加工品质的改善;而NTS的蛋白质总量、湿面筋、球蛋白、麦谷蛋白、谷醇比均显著低于CT。施氮显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、蛋白质各组分含量,增加了面团延伸性和吸水率。与N1相比,N4冬小麦的醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白、球蛋白、清蛋白分别增加了56.38%、27.60%、20.87%、17.03%;在4种蛋白组分中,施氮更有利于醇溶蛋白的累积,因此过量的氮肥应用显著降低了谷醇比、缩短了面团稳定时间和最大拉伸比值。同一氮肥水平下,不同耕作方式处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为PM>CTI>CT>NTS,PM下的平均产量为6 259.63 kg·hm~(-2),比CTI、CT、NTS分别高6.24%、10.54%和20.95%。同一耕作方式下,不同氮肥水平处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为N2>N3>N4>N1,其中N2下小麦籽粒平均产量达到6 184.64 kg·hm~(-2),比N3、N4、N1分别高5.78%、7.31%、19.06%。综上可知,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区实施全膜覆土穴播栽培模式,并增施150 kg·hm~(-2)氮肥,既能大幅度增加小麦籽粒产量,也有利于加工品质的改善,是该地区小麦生产实现高产和优产的最佳耕作和供氮模式。本研究结果为甘肃旱作雨养农业区冬小麦的高产、优质栽培提供了理论参考。
In order to study the effects of different tillage patterns and nitrogen fertilizer levels on grain quality of winter wheat in dryland, the effects of conventional tillage (CT), straw returning (CTI), total film mulching (Pm) and no tillage straw mulching Four nitrogenous fertilizer levels of 75 (N1), 150 (N2), 225 (N3) and 300 kg · hm -2 (N4) were used in a typical rainfed farming area in Northwest China. Wheat Research Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Experimental station design field test. The results showed that the tillage patterns and nitrogenous fertilizer levels had significant or extremely significant effects on the protein content of wheat, wet gluten, dough stability time and grain yield. Compared with CT, PM significantly increased the content of gluten and the ratio of stanol to alcohol, prolonging the dough stabilization time, which was in favor of the improvement of processing quality. The total NTS protein, wet gluten, globulin, glutenin, Significantly lower than CT. Nitrogen application significantly increased the content of grain protein, wet gluten and protein, and increased the ductility and water absorption. Compared with N1, the content of gliadin, glutenin, globulin and albumin in N4 winter wheat increased by 56.38%, 27.60%, 20.87% and 17.03%, respectively. Among the four protein components, nitrogen application was more favorable for alcoholysis Protein accumulation, so excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly reduces the ratio of stomatal, shorten the dough stability time and the maximum stretch ratio. Under the same nitrogen level, the average grain yield of wheat under different tillage treatments was PM> CTI> CT> NTS, and the average yield under PM was 6 259.63 kg · hm -2, which was 6.24 higher than that of CTI, CT and NTS, respectively %, 10.54% and 20.95%. Under the same tillage, the average grain yield of wheat treated with different N fertilizer levels was N2> N3> N4> N1. The average yield of wheat under N2 was 6 184.64 kg · hm -2, which was higher than that of N3, N4 and N1 High 5.78%, 7.31%, 19.06%. To sum up, we can see that in Gansu semi-arid rainfed farming area, the whole-mulched soil-seeded cultivation mode and the application of 150 kg · hm -2 nitrogen fertilizer can not only greatly increase the grain yield of wheat, but also improve the processing quality Is the best model of farming and nitrogen supply for high yield and good quality wheat production in the area. The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the high yield and good quality winter wheat cultivation in rainfed farming areas of Gansu Province.